Hartmann Luggage Case Report Essay

With the analysis we did in class, we made the suggestion of not doing the next promotion. The first thing I did after class was adjusting our model in class from three months moving average to a five months moving average, with data from previous two months, current month, and two months after. With this adjustment, the incremental increased a little, but still, I think it’s not attractive enough when taken other factors, such as cannibalization effects, into consideration. Also, as Katz pointed out, â€Å"the April-May 1978 promotion had been announced on January 1† (page 14), the relative lower January-February 1978 sales level should not be used to forecast March-May 1978 sales without promotions. In fact, I believe it is the announcement of promotion on January 1st that led to the low sales level in January-February 1978. Retailers would order fewer units prior to the promotion but catch up with more units ordered during promotion period. This should also be considered to cut the attractiveness promotion. Other than the data analysis we did in class, there are a few more reasons I don’t recommend Hartmann to have a price promotion in the following year. First, price promotion will damage Hartmann’s brand image. One of Katz’s principles for Hartmann was to â€Å"maintain a prestigious image† (page 2). Since the price promotion itself was not very efficient, why should Hartmann risk its brand image to do it? Second, as Katz said, there are all kinds of different ways to increase total sales, and, based on luggage consumer surveys, price promotion was definitely not the best way for Hartmann to achieve higher sales. From Hartmann’s own survey, durability and style were considered the most important features in selecting luggage (page 5). Although the results itself seems like is a little misleading, since price was not an option on that questionnaire, it actually should be the real case, and this conclusion could be proved from the industry market research in Exhibit 2. In this research result, only â€Å"31% of respondents cited price as the most important criterion in selecting luggage†, while â€Å"21% cited it as the least important criterion†, and only â€Å"26% would ‘wait for sale, then go there to buy’† (page 16). Also, considered the target market for Hartmann, which are â€Å"customers who demanded the highest quality and durability in luggage† (page 1), and its market position as â€Å"most expensive in the industry† (page 1), the demand  of its products was definitely inelastic. With such an inelastic demand, price promotion would never be the best approach to improve sales, especially to improve profit. So what would be a better way for Hartmann to increase sales and profit? The same as the consultants, I would recommend Hartmann to make more advertisements to build wider brand awareness among target consumers (page 14). The reason I makes this recommendation are as follows. Based on the industry research report in Exhibit 2 (page 16), â€Å"48% of respondents believed they would favor a brand of luggage they recognized or had seen advertised†. The percentage for Hartmann’s target consumers might be even higher, because they were pursuing â€Å"the highest quality and durability in luggage† and the probability that they would trust an unknown brand was very low. However, according to Hartmann’s telephone survey (page 5), the overall aided awareness level was pretty low among high income level customers, who were considered as Hartmann’s target customers, and â€Å"only 5% of respondents recalled having seen any Hartmann advertising†. Therefore, building brand awareness among target consumers by increasing advertising should be the best way for Hartmann to increase sales and, more important, not jeopardize either profitability or brand image. Therefore, all reasons listed above, as well as sales data analysis we did in class, point to one identical conclusion that price promotion was not a good choice for Hartmann to achieve sales and earnings objectives. Yet, increasing advertising was a harmless and more effective approach to help Hartmann achieve its objectives.

Bias in Womens Sports Essay

The world of sports is strictly dominated by a male hegemonic structure, which is not exactly welcoming to the thought or idea of sharing this love of sports with the opposite sex. The term hegemony is defined as the dominance of one state or group of individuals over the others. Although women have shown a passionate interest for sports, their ability to join this culturally powerful organization as respected professionals has not been completely accomplished. They have been given opportunities to participate in athletic areas that are not the most culturally popular venues within American culture (i. e. golf, gymnastics, swimming, and tennis), but their inception and respected entrance into the American conglomerates of the sports world (i. e. basketball, baseball, and football) have been favorably denied. Men suffocating treasure their superior domination of this cultural superstructure and fear the idea of allowing the opposite sex entrance into their precious stratum. Men’s ultimate trepidation is sports not being only their secret possession. Women have passionately fought to prove themselves as strong enough, knowledgeable enough, and tough enough to survive in the historically constructed system men have carved out: the association of sports and the manner in which it operates. Although their desperate attempts have allowed them to chip through the first few layers of this concrete barrier in which they are faced with, their attempts to delve deeper to ultimately reach the core of its existence has been a disappointing failure. Despite the increase in female athletes participating in sports at a college and professional level, the use of female athletes as product endorsers has been limited. Some female readers like my wife has suggested that there may be an obvious media bias against female athletes and other problems related to how women’s lack of being feminine is portrayed to the public. I feel that women athletes don’t get enough recognition compared to male athletes in the media, and how they don’t appear as profitable product endorsers in magazines or commercials as men. Only five percent of media coverage is devoted to women’s sports (Adams ;amp; Tuggle, 2004). The time media spends to publish these articles of women athletes are significantly less; compared to their male athlete. Many companies choose not to endorse women athletes (Grau, Roselli, and Taylor, 2007). Men’s sports journalists tend to focus on coverage of team sports for men, while women’s sports coverage usually is focused on individual sports. In several articles, the media defends its biases claiming that it is what the public wants, and not all viewers are interested in women’s sports. I feel the number of women playing professional sports has drastically increased over the past decade, but the media’s news coverage of women’s sports has not increased with this movement of women in sports. On ESPN Live news radio, they have mentioned over the last ten years, there has been almost no change in the percentage of national airtime that was designated for women’s sports. Only about one in ten sports articles and TV sports stories include women while eighty-two percent of television sports stories cover men’s sports. Women make the cover of magazines or sports pages less than fifteen times a year (Huffman, Tuggle, ;amp; Rosengard, 2004). According to Adams and Tuggle (2004), in 1995, the length of men’s television sports stories were a little over a minute, where stories covering women’s sports were only about forty seconds. With two professional sports leagues, it was assumed that the coverage of women’s sports would increase, but this is not reality. The coverage of women’s sports on the television show, ESPN’s Sports Center, has actually decreased. In 1995, Sports Center aired about 730 stories on men and only about 30 on women. The ratio was 25:1. In 2002, 780 stories covered men’s sports. Only 16 stories were about women and the ratio was more than 48:1. ESPN did dedicate a weekend to women in sports. During this time, Sports Center only aired three stories that included a woman; the other 60 were about men. Kian, Vincent, and Mondello (2008), found that about seventy-five percent of the New York Times and USA Today’s articles covered men’s basketball. Less than one percent of the articles included both men and women, and twenty-four percent focused on just women’s basketball. Huffman, Tuggle, and Rosengard (2004) analyzed several universities’ coverage of women’s sports. Though forty-one percent of the college athletes are female, seventy-three percent of the sports newspaper articles focused on male college students. Eighty-two percent of television sports stories were dedicated to male athletes. In both newspaper articles and television stories, baseball was covered the most. Men’s basketball was twice as likely as women’s softball to be covered. Less time has been devoted to women’s sports coverage, and when it is, it is usually an individual sport compared to women’s team sports. This is a great example of The Elaboration Likelihood Model. It states that there are two routes through which persuasive messages are processed. My central route would be to provide and give examples of the statistical analysis increase in audiences viewing women’s sports, and it would be a good investment. In these modern times, women are more successful and looking for role models of strength and beauty, like a successful empowering female athlete. Celebrity women athletes can be positive catalysts in selling apparel and have great news worthiness. In my opinion, the media seems to favor women’s individual sports compared to women’s team sports. Out of 16 Sports Center stories that covered women’s sports, 12 were individual sports. Only two were about women’s basketball, though it was almost the end of the WNBA season (Adams ;amp; Tuggle, 2004). In the 1960’s, there were less articles on women’s Olympic sporting events compared to articles published in the 1990’s of the same genre. In 1996, 36 years later, NBC announced that woman’s team sports would be emerging. Even with this big announcement, NBC only aired a few minutes of a women’s soccer team winning the gold medal over China. They did not even have a reporter available at the women’s gold medal winning softball game. Over half of the women’s Olympics sports covered were individual sports. These sports included swimming, diving, and gymnastics. Serena Williams, a tennis player and Marian Jones, a track athlete, are the only females that have been on the cover of ESPN Magazine in the course of five years. Female athletes in individual sports are twice more likely to be in magazines than as those who play on team sports. In several related magazines like Sports Illustrated for Women, female’s models are dressed as athletes rather than real athletes and being pictured posing with props like soccer balls, to add more sex appeal to the magazine. Some journalists say this is because women’s individual sports are considered more feminine than the team sports like basketball and soccer where women look frazzled and sweaty (Grau, Roselli, and Taylor, 2007). Men’s sports are still the ones that bring in the big bucks for ticket sales and popularity. Seventy percent of the NCAA division athletic budget goes to men’s basketball and football. For every dollar that is spent on women’s sports, three dollars of the same budget is spent on men’s. For example, male coaches in almost every instance are paid more than female coaches (Huffman, Tuggle, and Rosengard, 2004). Women athletes are given much fewer multimillion dollar endorsement contracts than a male athlete. In 1998, 200 female athletes from many sports signed various endorsement contracts. The NFL alone had 250 players that signed deals with Nike. Over 400 male athletes from football, basketball, and soccer had endorsement contracts with Reebok that same year (Grau, Roselli, ;amp; Taylor, 2007). If the viewers wanted to see more of women’s sports, then the network would great fully air what the viewing audience would like to see. During an ESPN television show, Town Meeting, a female viewer in the audience asked the Senior Vice President and Manager of editing, why does ESPN not report more on women athlete’s and women’s sports? I can remember David Shaw turning to look at her directly in the face and saying â€Å"ESPN’s job is to report and cover the news and sports that our viewers are interested in†. He leaned forward and reiterated that their goal as a sports broadcast network was to get the highest rating possible, and they must air the sports news the public wants and will watch. Mr. Shaw also mentioned that the network cannot generate interest in women’s sports without solid data of interest, and if that is what they want to see they need to make this interest known. I feel some diehard male sports fans have a sense of Cognitive Dissonance theory. They think that it’s not cool to cheer for women’s sports, it’s not as exciting or fast paced as men’s sports. The theory of cognitive dissonance in social psychology proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by altering existing cognitions or adding new ones to create a consistent belief system. An example of this would be the conflict between wanting to watch women’s sports and knowing that media doesn’t have interest ; a person may try to change their feelings about the odds that they will actually suffer the consequences, or they might add the constant element that sticking to your guns is worth short term benefits. The network does air WNBA games on ESPN and ESPN2, but they seldom air highlights. Christina Brenamen, a commentator for ESPN, said that she feels the network doesn’t care and not to expect any changes anytime soon (Adams ;amp; Tuggle, 2004). Grau, Roselli, and Taylor (2007) found that many companies do not use female athletes as endorsers of their products, because they think that the average female consumer does not identify with female athlete, like males do with men athletes. Some of the companies assume that the average female consumer do not fallow women’s sports. They also suggest that some female athletes are too masculine and therefore do not have sex appeal. Angelini (2008) surveyed many individuals asking views about watching men’s sports vs. women’s sports. He wanted to uncover the stereotypes that individuals have on sports. Most of the participants believed that women’s sports were not as thrilling or exciting to watch as men’s sports. Those who participated in the study were asked to watch several sports clips while their heart rate was analyzed. After the clips were watched they were asked to answer recognition questions about what they had seen. Both male and females scored higher on the recognition questions after viewing female athletes. If the heart rate increased while the participant was watching the sport, it was determined that their arousal was high. If their heart rate was stable or deceased while watching the clip, it was determined that the participant was not aroused. Though most participants said that they were more aroused when watching the men’s sports, their heart rate actually determined that their arousal rate when watching women’s sports was the same as men’s at the beginning of the clip. Toward the end of the clips of men’s sports the arousal rate actually decreased. Angelini (2008) determined that because of the way the media depicts female athletes, the public thinks that men’s sports are going to be more exciting, through with extensive physiological research determined there are really no major differences. Since Universities viewed basketball as too masculine for women to play, and did not want to represent the women athletes of their school. The NCAA did not hold a women’s Division 1 tournament until 1982. In 2004, a women’s Division 1 championship game received the highest national television rating of any women’s or men’s basketball game that had ever been on a cable channel, up to that point. After analyzing two national newspapers and two sports web sites, during the 2006 NCAA and women’s sports tournaments, five main themes seemed to emerge from all of them. One, women’s basketball players were often compared to men. Two, men were never compared to women. Three, the female athletes were often said to be experienced players because most of them had grown up playing against boys. Four, the fathers of the athletes were interviewed more often than the mothers, because of their athletic ability. Finally, gender was mentioned as a main topic compared to the articles than men’s sports. In every article men’s basketball was reported before women’s. I would assume that there would be fewer gender biased remarks from the writers, but this was not the case. Even though writers have a little more time to evaluate on what is being written, unlike live television commentary, biases often still emerged (Kian, Vincent, ;amp; Mondello, 2008). Though the number of women playing sports has drastically increased, the media coverage has not kept up. The women’s sports covered typically are more feminine and individual like swimming, gymnastics, tennis and golf. Those sports activities are viewed as more masculine, like basketball, soccer, and softball, received significantly less media coverage. The media blames society and society blames the media for the differences in gender bias of sports (Grau, Roselli, ;amp; Taylor, 2007). It is unknown if television networks such as ESPN actually do research on what people would like to watch. They do not know that fifty percent of women say they watch television sports regularly and forty-six percent of men say that watch some women’s sports (Adams, ;amp; Tuggle, 2004). The 2004 NCAA Division 1 women’s basketball championships received the highest rating of all college basketball before then. One would think that after this evidence of interest, women’s basketball would receive greater attention. This is a great example of Evaluation Dimension in which our inner systems (beliefs, attitudes, values, etc. all support one another and when these are also supported by external evidence, and then we have a comfortable state of affairs. We also have a very strong need to believe we are being consistent with social norms. Like in the case of following other sports fans that are interested in women’s sports. When there is conflict between behaviors that are consistent with inner systems and behaviors that are consistent with social norms. A fitting Example would be the potential threat of social exclusion often sways us towards the latter, even though it may cause significant inner dissonance. Take for example, if I would approach my fantasy football team and said; â€Å"can we create a team in women’s sports†, that would really start some conflict within my group dynamic? I feel more research needs to be conducted to determine if it is really the public that is biased, or is the media just fallowing the same trend that they always have, and they just choose to report sports in the same standardized way. If we start to challenge the idea that masculinity defines sports at the cultural level. I believe that we will one day be able to develop an ideology that teaches and defends this innovative idea of gender quality throughout the educational process. The ultimate goal being that the foundation of sports promotes and abides by the system of gender equality at the professional level of women’s sports.

Asian American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Asian American History - Essay Example The immigrants were the typical Korean of who were used to speaking the Korean languages in their country. When they came to the United States, the language obstacle became the main challenge that the first Korean immigrants experienced in their new country . As much as they were being taught English as foreign language in their country, they were only allowed to remember the terminologies and the grammatical rules in the language, this did not give them the opportunity to be able to put into practice, listen in and converse with any of the native English speaker so as to enable them to develop their skills in the English language . With this language hurdle among the immigrants, they could not be able to get the high level opportunities in the job market and thus it left them with the low level positions in the workplaces as the farm workers and even stone diggers. This was because, they could not correspond to the American employers or the service providers effectively to pass their information across to be understood well enough by their employers, and because of this, the employers ended up placing them at the low level where it needs no much communication skills to the managerial section . As much as the Koreans immigrants were not good in the languages in the United States, they could not be able to attend the classes offered to them for the purpose of improving their communication skills. This was because, they were too busy on their daily duties of farming and any other activities.

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Auditing - Essay Example ial statement users perceive the auditors responsibilities to be and what the auditors believe their responsibilities entail is referred to as the expectation gap (McEnroe & Martens, 2001). This paper discusses different issues concerning the expectation gap by describing and analyzing the subject. The methodology, process and final output of the auditing process which auditors report remained relatively the same for the 40 year period starting in 1948 until 1988 (Strawser, 1990). During this period the users of the financial information complained a lot about the independent auditor’s report because they were not consistent in their message and their reports were at time interpreted differently by different users of a same report, a situation which should never occur since the accounting profession is based on reliability, consistency, reassurance and equal standards within the work that is performed. One of the first major breakthroughs regarding the expectation gap occurred in 1978. In that year the Cohen Commission identified several possible deficiencies in the auditor’s report which were hindering communications between the auditors and the users of the financial statements (Strawser, 1990). Some the areas which the Cohen suggested that improvement was need ed were: The auditors’ report has always been important since it provides valuable information regarding the validity of public financial information reported by companies. During the 1980’s and early 1990’s the globalization movement and the birth of the information age created a greater urgency to deal with the auditing expectation from private and public institutions. The globalization movement brought enormous opportunities for greater investments due to the free trade possibilities that came with it (Kasapidis, 1999). During this period a lot more individual and institutional investors needed the information to make reliable decisions on domestic and foreign investments. The auditing

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Discussion Questions - Essay Example (word count 105) Personality measurements can be used when an applicant is interested in employment. Tests have been developed that can determine certain factors of personality that are common for certain behaviors. As well, the ability to lead and make effective decisions can be made by the use of such tests. In the hiring practices in companies I have worked for these tests have been used. However, I have never seen an instance where the test actually excluded anyone from an interview or from being hired. It appears that these tests are given at the insistence of corporate, however there is no real substitute for human evaluation. (word count 104) Psychoanalytical theory uses the experiences of an individual to explain the development of abnormal behaviors. The way in which this has value is in understanding that not all behavior is derived from a physiological source, but can be developed from adverse experiences. When developing a clinical study about behavior, theories of origin can provide insight and dimension. However, psychoanalytical theory does not allow for the chemical imbalances that can influence psychological development. Using just this theory to analyze behavior is limiting and without the depth that influential physiological elements can provide within the context of developing a case study on an individual. (word count 102) Freud divided the personality into the Id, the Ego, and the Superego. The Id is the unconscious drive for basic needs in which pleasure is the driving motivation. The Ego is the conscious force that can temper the drives of the Id with reason and acknowledgement of consequences. The Superego creates a balance between the conscious and the unconscious, inhibiting drives that could be counterproductive. An understanding of this could allow for an employer to develop motivational strategies that

How far does the murder of King Dunkan affect Lady Macbeth and how is Essay

How far does the murder of King Dunkan affect Lady Macbeth and how is this shown in the play - Essay Example At the end the memories of her bloody hands actually push her to take her own life. Lady Macbeth is unable to overcome the guilt associated with the murder of King Duncan. Macbeth for driven by his wife to commit the crime. Lady Macbeth desperately wants her husband to be Kind and she asks the â€Å"aids of spirits† (I, v) to assist her in her wish for the throne. Lady Macbeth summons the â€Å"sprits that tend on mortal thoughts† to come and fill her with â€Å"direct cruelty† (I, v). She is portrayed as having no moral values and boundaries in fulfilling the prophecy for Macbeth to be a King. She is willing to throw away her moral principles in the name of gaining the titles of queen. King Duncan is invited to Macbeth’s castle and Lady Macbeth has already prepared her malevolent act. After murdering King Duncan Macbeth returns to his wife seeing that her husband is nervous Lady Macbeth says: â€Å""Why, worthy thane, You do unbend your noble strength, to think So brainsickly of things" (II, ii). It is obvious that Macbeth is struggling with his morality and sanity, but not Lady Macbeth. While Macbeth is paralyzed with horror, she is totally in control of herself and comments: â€Å""My hands are of your colour; but I shame / To wear a heart so white" (II, ii). Here Lady Macbeth is more ruthless than her husband. Her hands are also red from King Duncan’s blood, but she does not have while heart – meaning that her heart has blood in it, because she is strong and not a coward. After the murder, Lady Macbeth takes all actions to turn aside the suspicion over her husband and herself. Her words rhyme here, which show her deep thoughtful reactions to what had happened after the murder of King Duncan. Her philosophical reflections about life indicate that she is not as happy as she had believing she would be. She got what she wanted, but then she is still not content. Her second thought addresses her real wishes now after the death of King

Full scale research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Full scale research proposal - Essay Example This research recognizes the need for employee motivation most especially in the era characterized by intense competition. Previous researches conducted with regard to this topic point out that this motivation will significantly increase the productivity of the employees, thereby bringing more profit to the company. In the same manner, it will also allow the employees to work hand in hand with each other in the attainment of the company’s goals. This study then concentrates on how employee motivation is enhanced in Morrisons supermarket. In order to yield valid and reliable conclusions, the researcher closely intertwines the qualitative and quantitative approaches. Under the qualitative aspect, a review of literature shall be undergone in order to examine previous studies conducted with regard to the topic at hand, thereby allowing the researcher to grasp the topic at hand. On the other hand, the quantitative aspect of the study deals with the conduction of surveys to gather the opinion of two hundred respondents (150 are employees of Morrisons while 50 are from its administrative department) with regard to initiatives pertaining to the enhancement of employee motivation. Morrisons supermarket is considered to be the fourth largest supermarket chain in the United Kingdom (Morrisons.co.uk, 2009). In Match 8, 2004, Morrisons finally merged with rival retailer, Safeway, after months of bidding, counter-bidding and other major investigations conducted by the government (Stevens, 2005; Wigham, 2004). With this, the Safeway brand has forever disappeared and hundreds of its employees have been effectively integrated into Morrisons supermarket (Wigham, 2004; Johnson 2004; Goudge, 2006). Naturally, employees coming from the acquiesced corporation face certain barriers with regard to the effective conduction of their duties as a part of Morrisons supermarket, thus affecting

The need for a consistent nation wide policy to ensure quality early Thesis - 1

The need for a consistent nation wide policy to ensure quality early childhood education to close the achievement gap - Thesis Example This paper therefore proposes a nationwide policy for early childhood care and education reform that is informed by the evidence revealed over the years. Early childhood education and care policies in the US are three dimensional in nature. First, the federal government or state governments may make provision for early childhood care and education either directly or they can offer subsidies or reimbursement relative to partial casts of private education and care. Secondly, state governments may provide child care and/or education to all US children or they may provide support to a specific class of children. Thirdly, the purpose of child care and education may be looked upon as providing for the child’s development or as a means of supporting working parents. In other words, child care and education policies in the US may be seen as either providing a child development service or a support system for working parents (McCartney and Phillips 2006). This part of the paper examines the development of federal legislation and policies relative to early childhood education and early childhood special education by reference to federal legislation from 1965 to the present. The Head Start project is characterized as among President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society’s â€Å"most popular and enduring legacies† (Vinovskis 2005, p. 1). The identification of the â€Å"other America† at the beginning of the 1960s, drew official attention on the fact that approximately one fourth of Americans were decidedly poor and were segregated from â€Å"the mainstream of American culture† (Washington and Bailey 1995, p. 21). Then President John F. Kennedy theorized that preventing poverty among adults necessarily required starting with the child who are receiving welfare on account of parental death, disability, abandonment or parental

Information And Research Methods In Business Paper

Information And Methods In Business - Research Paper Example Immediately prior to the generalization, however, we review the recent literature immediately available on the topic to reexamine our perspective and build our generalizations on a more stable foundation. There are three basic ways of identifying, summarizing and analyzing product quality problems. One basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problem from the point of view of the consumer. The second basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the viewpoint of distributors. The second will only be applicable for businesses that tap distribution companies for a product. The third basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the point of view of our retailers. Like the second, this will not always apply to all types of businesses. Finally, the fourth basic way is to identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems from the perspective of quality control and of a quality control system. In identifying product quality problems as perceived by our consumers, we can implement two kinds of research. One research can identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problem as perceived by the consumers of our product. The second research can focus on the target consumers of our product and identify, summarize, and analyze product quality problems as perceived by the target consumers of our product. In doing a research on quality problem among our consumers, we may want to follow the statistical protocol with regard to computation of the percentage of our consumer who desires certain changes or improvements in our product. A good material for this is Walpole et al. (2007, p. 299-302). For estimation related to means, Walpole et al. (2007) are also useful but one may wish to supplement the discussion on the material with insights from Dekking.

Human rights constitutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human rights constitutions - Essay Example The intention of this study is government of a Republic of China that is not only reliable to have duties and powers but also imposes national constitutions containing various provisions which guarantee fundamental human rights of citizens and helps in strengthening relationships between state and individual. One of the main constitutions enforced in China instituting human rights is the People Republic of China. It is commonly known as People Republic of China Constitution, with no exemptions. However, some legitimate rights in China do not provide any guarantee which is worthless. Though presently it is enforced, in spite of fact either someone will be able to take judicial remedies, regardless of identifying by whom or how it will be committed, this is entirely a different issue. It is imperative to identify that either there should be a mechanism in China to enhance the effective enforcement of rights protected by constitution. Unless and until this is enforced, constitution will not result in a working or living element of social reality. Therefore in order to study the importance of these things in China it is imperative to identify effectual mechanism of constitutional enforcement, studying the relationship of politics and law which influences the progress of constitutional development tin China. China requires redesigning its constitutional reforms and should give more importance to the regime. (Abbott K W, 2000). 1.2 Human rights Human rights policy in China is based on two pillars. First is the system where member of states negotiate with the commissioner on human rights which was established in 1946 by social and economic council. Second is human rights treaty body and conventions which states commits through legal rectification and actions. This human rights policy has supported the state in protecting and promotion of citizens. Value oriented human rights practiced by China have laid the principles of statehood such as ethnicity, nation, culture, i deology and religion. It serves as a constrain between arbitrary and state hegemony, by protecting individuals rights and provides the foundation of building a relationship among citizens and states. It is the cornerstone for establishing constitutions in relation to human rights which are determined by international law and in public. It includes both WTO rules and ILO standards. Thus, human rights are highly controversial and political. All states are requires to protect and respect human rights and should do everything to fulfill their desires. In recent general assembly in China, stressed on the fact that these rights are indivisible, universal, interdependent, interconnected and mutually reinforcing. All states irrespective of differences in cultural, political and economic perspectives should protect and promote human rights. The human rights treaty body imposes China legal system to comply with the monitoring committees in order to ensure effectiveness in the system. State is obliged to submit a periodic report on treaty bodies, in order to review their objectives, present situation and supply assistance at national level. This will help to monitor the entire system effectively and to propose relevant changes in it (Dong Zhenang, 2000). 1.3 The importance of constitutionalizing human rights Importance of constitutionalizing human rights has increased in almost all the countries. Almost all the countries in the world have their own national constitutions. They not only emphasize on the rules and regulations led by the government but also emphasizes on legitimate obligations and rights of citizens. In relation to Chinese constitutional law all parties such as enterprises, state organs, individuals and political

Business Law Essay Example for Free

Business Law Essay Introduction Law plays important roles to protect benefits, obligations and bringing fair for everybody in society. This report gives information about tortuous liability, contractual liability, vicarious liability, the tort of negligence and defences. After that, I can determine liability of person who is responsible when violations as well as providing advices for the legal problems in business of VJSC. (3.1) Contrast liability in torts with contractual liability Tortuous liability will be applied when occurs the law violation of civil nature that infringes on the rights and legal interests of others as a legal entity or individual. In addition, the rights and legal interests are not specified in the contract between the parties. Contractual liability is the parties sign in the contract based on satisfy about agreement, negotiation and terms of contract. They are completely voluntary to enter into a contract and having contractual liability each other. The tortuous liability and contractual liability have the same point are violations of the law and suffer liability under civil law. The liable party has responsibility for compensation by payments for any losses from their wrong. Differences: Tortuous liability Contractual liability A law violation of non-contractual damages. Parties related to the violations which they have no contractual relationship with each other even they are strangers. Tort is the basis for generating tortuous liability so the person wronged has responsibility to any persons who are damaged from their behaviour. Cannot measure clearly the damages. Difficult to determine exactly compensation rate so the compensation will be based on the actual extent of damage occurred. A violation of the contents which parties signed in the contract. Parties have a close relationship because they have time for agreements and sign the contract together. If the breach of contract occurs that the person violated have a contractual liability to the other party of the contract. The damages can be quantitative because they are regulated in the contract. The compensation under the liquidated damage that means compensation which determined based on the formula and stipulations that the parties have agreed in the contract. (3.2) Explain the nature of liability in negligence (3.3) Explain how a business can be vicariously liable A human who lives in society must follow the provisions of law is having a duty of care by respecting and protecting the rights and benefit legal of others. Negligence is behaviour which infringes on the rights and legal interests of others. However, these behaviours are not deliberate actions by an individual or entity who did not perform well their reasonable care which bring the consequences of monetary damages or personal injury. To sue a person who violating behaviour of negligence, the claimant need to prove those factors: Defendant owes the claimant a duty of care. Defendant breaches the duty of care. The tort of negligence has to a direct reason that brings damage or loss for the claimant. Vicarious liability is many people who related to damage occurs will have responsibility for the damage by misconduct. In business, the relationship of employer and employee is an important part of vicarious liability because employers will have the strong financial capacity to compensation to the injured party. Therefore, employer will be the main responsible for damage caused by their employee prescribed by law. After that, the employee has to  refund that amount for employer. There are factors to determine vicarious liability between employer and employee: They have a valid relationship employment between employer and employee. Employee implements the tort act in the course of their work that base on the agreement and requirement of employer. Case 1: there are two problems occur. The first problem The VJSC software company engages SP an event management company to coordinate and provide corporate hospitality for event’s clients. Trinh Van is an employee of SP and he installs equipments needed to serve for event in time constraint so he did not completely testing for all equipments. Unfortunately, an explosion happens causing some guest got minor burns and damage to the software. However, Trinh Van had left the company just one week before the event. Explain the liability in negligence and vicariously liable of the first problem. The negligent in this case is Trinh Van did not have fully in checking and testing for those things installed in the event. Thus, Trinh Van had violated the duty of care because with the nature of his work that he has a reasonably foreseeable the damage and consequences. Therefore, Trinh Van also breach duty of care because he did not have fully tested so that two damages caused by the explosion are clients of VJSC got minor burns and damage their software. Although Trinh Van had left SP one week before the event but at the time he performed his work that he still an employee of SP so there was a relationship employment and vicarious liability between Trinh Van and SP. Therefore, SP will have responsibility for damage by explosion and then SP has the right to require Trinh Van refund the amount that SP paid for caused damage of Trinh Van. Follow case Lister and ors Hesley Hall Ltd 2001 (Course book,2010) Children resident of a boarding school sexual abused by warden. Thus, the school was vicariously liable for warden because the nature of this job is supervise students during learning process which  created connection with the acts of abuse. To compliance with regulations of the duty of care that Trinh Van has responsibility to implement regulations about in checking and testing things installed to make sure that do not have any damage is likely to occur for clients as well as any assets in the area of the event. The relationship between SP and VJSC is a contractor to perform the event. However, the damage caused by explosion not only for software but also with some guess of VJSC. Otherwise, VJSC is the main subject of the event and they are an occupiers’ liability in the event so they have to ensure the safe for visitors who enter in the event. Moreover, VJSC has work done by SP as an independent contractor so that they also have vicarious liability for damage of guesses. The second problem. SP hired a SECurity contractor to protect for performing the event. The security staff’s had a specific instruction not to let anyone without an invitation. In case, someone who tries to enter the event without the invitation so the staff should inform to SP who then contact VJSC staff to attend and resolve the problem. However, Van Dao tried to enter into the event during the commotion and he was caught by Truong La who was SECuritys staff. The result was Van Dao injured by violenty of Truong La. Explain the liability in negligence and vicariously liable of the second problem. The regulations of SECurity that if any security guys have problems with people who try to enter without invitation so they should radio a member of SP who then contact VJSC employee to solve that problem. However, Truong La did not follow those regulations of SECurity when Van Dao enter in the event. As a result of Van Dao tried to unlawfully enter in the event during the commotion that he was twisted the arm and threw to the ground by Truong La so he breached the duty of care. Instead of the tort act, Truong La should hold Van Dao to prevent him enter the event and then inform this problem to  member of SP. Truong La had a tort of negligence in work because he has a reasonable foreseeable about damage for his act with Van Dao. Thus, the SECurity company has a liability for damage of Van Dao because Truong La is an employee of SECurity so there was a relationship employment between them. After that, Truong La has a liability to refund the amount that SECurity paid for caused damage of Van Dao. Base on case Lister and ors Hesley Hall Ltd 2001 (Course book, 2010) However, the compensation liability for damage of Van Dao will be reduced because mistake of Van Dao and Truong La were considered as contributory negligence so there are some defences for the tort of Truong La as: Van Dao is a trespasser. Van Dao can also predict there will be damage to himself in trespassing. Van Dao also has mistake for intentional enter in the event.   In this case, even SP hired SECurity company and the relationship between them are contractor but SP is not an occupier of the event. Therefore, SP does not have a various liability with SECurity about the damage of Van Dao. (4.1) Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in the above different business situations for the legal officer who is assigned to VJSC (4.2) Apply the elements of vicarious liability in above different business situations for the legal officer who is assigned to VJSC Bui and Do was to pick Tran Vu up celebrate at petrol kiosk of Vu’s father where Vu works part time because Bui and Do completed of a software project. Suddenly rockets from an organized fireworks display fall into the petrol kiosk and garage forecourt of Vu’s father. It leads to the car of Bui and Do catch fire and two of them escapes but Do was trap short in the car so he felt shock and fainted. In other hand, Vu gets outside the office to save the vintage Vespa as requirement of his father is Tran Cao. However, Vespa was completely destroyed. Apply the element of negligence and defences and vicariously liable Event  organizer will be liable for damage because the duty of care of organising a fireworks display is ensuring that there is no damage about health, safe as well as assets of the other. However, they breached duty of care because the launch mechanism for rocket had wrong assembled by the event organizer but this event was taking place. Causing by the negligence of event organizer’s that leads to rockets from the fireworks event crashed into petrol kiosk and also catch fire to Bui’s car. After that, the fire spread in a short time so the vintage Vespa of Tran Cao was destroyed. In general, the main damage in this case about assets are petrol kiosk, scooter, car and there is no damage about human because Bui and Do escaped from the fire and they just feel a bit sick. We can find out defences for event organizer if they properly installed for the rockets launch mechanism and make sure that there is no mistakes from fireworks process so we can consider that the accident of Bui, Do, Vu and Tran Cao is an unavoidable accident because event organizer cannot be foreseen or predicted by the exercise of ordinary care for this kind of accident. Based on case Stanley and Powell 1891 (Course book,2010) The facts: In a shooting party, Powell fired at a pheasant. Unluckily, the bullet hit on a tree and a pellet glanced off a tree that bring injured for Stanley who are a beater of Powell. Decision: The defendant will not have liable with claimant because this accident is no one can anticipate. However, in the fact of this case that event organiser had not been properly assembled for rocket’s launch mechanism. Therefore, event organiser got mistakes in organizing fireworks process that causes for damage of petrol kiosk, car, scooter and human. In addition, the unavoidable accident just applies to the damage or injury which does not result from negligence. Therefore, we cannot apply defences for event organizer so they will be liable for damage caused by their negligence. To organize a fireworks display that event organizer will has lots employee for implementing. Therefore, with the damage occurred that lead to vicarious  liability between the event organiser and the employee who has responsibility for installation rocket’s launch mechanism because there was a relationship employment between them so the event organizer has a liability for damage caused by their employees. Beside that, Tran Cao told Tran Vu â€Å"take the fire extinguisher, get outside and put the fire out and save the scooter†(Scenario) but Tran Vu cared for the injure of his colleague so the scooter was completely destroyed. In this case Tran Cao is principal and Tran Vu is an agent so between Tran Cao and Tran Vu also exists vicarious liability with the damage of Tran Cao’s Vespa. Therefore, the vicarious liability between Tran Cao and Tran Vu also help the event organizer in reducing liability for damage of scooter because it considered as a contributory negligence from two sides. Follow case Ormrod Crossville Motor Service 1953 (Course book, 2010) A car owner asked a friend to drive his car to Monte Carlo for his work and then they were going to holiday. However, a damage to claimant’s bus occurred by the friend’s negligent driving. In this case, the friend was driving to Monte Carlo is for the car owner’s purpose so he was vicariously liable wi th his friend. Conclusion From this report, we can realize that anyone in society need to have the knowledge about tortuous liability to know the way to solve law problems in life and business activities. Moreover, we also understand the importance of duty of care as well as the unfortunate consequences of non-compliance of duty of care to remind everyone should more carefully when doing anything. References Business essentials – Supporting HNC/HND (2010) London: BPP Learning Media Ltd – Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Course book, Introduction to types of tort, chapter 12. Business essentials – Supporting HNC/HND (2010) London: BPP Learning Media Ltd – Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Course book, Business and economic tort – Negligence, chapter 13. Business essentials – Supporting HNC/HND (2010) London: BPP Learning Media Ltd – Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Course book, Business and economic tort – Occupiers’ liability, chapter 13. Business essentials – Supporting HNC/HND (2010) London: BPP Learning Media Ltd – Aspects of Contract and Negligence for Business Course book, Defences and remedies in tort – Unavoidable accident case Stanley and Powell 1891, chapter 14.

Evaluation of Hemodialysis Patients’ Tumor Marker

Evaluation of Hemodialysis Patients’ Tumor Marker CEA tumor marker level associates comorbidity of hemodialysis patients Purposes: Hemodialysis (HD) affects serum concentration of biomarkers. However, it remains unclear about the effect of HD on the levels of biomarkers, and efficacy of biomarkers in HD. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of HD on commonly used tumor markers. Methods: A total of 28 unselected patients (22 men, 6 women) with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), treated with maintenance HD, were enrolled in this study. GOT and tumor markers CA-153, CA-125, and CEA are measured. Results: The mean age was 57.6  ± 12.6 years, HD duration was 51.0  ± 34.0 months. Tumor marker CEA level is correlated to Charlson’s score of HD patients, levels of CA153 and CA125 are not correlated to age, duration of dialysis and Charlson’s score. GOT level is correlated to age, and Charlson’s score. Mean value of CEA level (5.9 ±4.0 ng/ml compared to normal value of 3 ng/ml for non-smoker and 5 ng/ml for smoker) is larger than normal value. Levels of CA153 (13.3 ±11.6 U/ml), CA125 (35.2 ±38.9 U/ml) and GOT value (20.4 ±8.9 U/L) fall in normal range. Conclusions: Concentration of CEA tumor marker is correlated with Charlson’s score which strongly correlated with HD outcome. GOT value is correlated with age and Charlson’s score which implies liver function drop in long term HD patients. Keywords: biomarkers, End-Stage Renal Disease, evaluation, hemodialysis, CEA. Introduction Hemodialysis (HD) is widely used for kidney failure patients who may represent a variety of underlying causes, including diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. The dialysis membrane in artificial kidney tube filtrates out small molecules especially for small molecular weight proteins (i.e., et. al. shows that cancer-free HD man demonstrated significantly lower PSA compared to controls [8]. Here we examine the serum level of commonly used molecular biomarkers, i.e., CA-153, CA125, CEA, and GOT of HD patients. Patient and materials Study subjects Experiments performed in this study complied with the current laws and regulations in Taiwan, Republic of China. All procedures are followed by the ethnical guideline and approved by Kaohsiung Armed Forces Hospital committee, Taiwan. A total of 28 persons between the ages of 37 and 76 years with end-stage renal disease, receiving dialysis treatment three times per week, were enrolled in a prospective study in March 2008. Dialysis was carried out using a Nikkiso DBB-22B dialysis machine with 4 hours session. Dialyzer with APS 18MD (Asahi Kasei, Osaka, Japan, polysulfone membrane, surface area 1.8 m2, in vitro clearances for urea, 198 ml/min for QB-200 ml/min). Blood flow rate was setting at 200 ml/min. Patients with vascular success insufficiency which can’t reach required blood flow rate was excluded. Ultrafiltration rate (512 ±85 ml/h) was adjusted according to the patients’ needs. The flow and temperature of the dialysate was 500 ml/min and 37oC, respectively. Vascu lar access was either via an arterio-venous fistula (sixteen treatments), graft (nine treatments), or a Perm catheter (three treatment). Serum CA-153, CA125, CEA, GOT levels were measured before and immediately after HD using low-flux membrane. Blood/serum collection Serum samples were collected from HD patients during and after the course of HD treatment. 5 ml blood was collected in EDTA tube. The serum were then stored in 4oC and processed within 12 hours. The serum samples were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min prior to splitting into aliquots and stored at -20oC. Laboratory methods The serum levels of CA-153, CA125, CEA and GOT were measured with Abbott Axsym analyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, III). The reference ranges of the markers were: CA-153, 0-31.3 U/ml; CA-125, 0-35 U/ml; CEA, 0-3 ng/ml for non-smoker, and 0-5 ng/ml for smoker; GOT, 0-32 U/L. Statistical analysis The data reported are means  ± standard deviations (SD). Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used for analyses of linear associations. Because the concentrations of serum tumor markers were not normally distributed, significance of differences was assessed by Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test. The level of statistical significance was always set at P Results Baseline demographic and clinical data We analyzed 28 patients, of which 22 were men and 6 were women. The baseline demographic and clinical data are summarized in Table 1. All patients are diagnosed as end-stage renal failure. The mean age was 57.8  ± 12.6 years. Mean dialysis vintage was 51.0  ± 34.0 months. Measurement of tumor marker concentration of hemodialysis patients The mean value of CA-153, CA125, and GOT fall in normal range (16.5 ±16.3 before hemodialysis, and 18.6 ±16.3 after hemodialysis, compared with 31.3 U/ml normal value, 35.2 ±38.9 before dialysis, and 34.3 ±41.2 after hemodialysis, compared to Correlates of serum markers Correlations between serum markers levels and age, duration of dialysis and Charlson’s score are tested. Of all variables, patient age and Charlson’s score are correlated with levels of some serum markers. CEA level was correlated with Charlson’s score (r=0.42, p=0.03) (Fig. 1).GOT level was correlated with age (r=0.42, p=0.02) (Fig. 2) and Charlson’s score (r=0.48, p=0.01) (Fig. 3). Other variables, including CA-153, CA125 is not correlated with age (r=0.07, p=0.7; r=0.2, p=0.3, respectively), and also not correlated with duration of HD, Charlson’s score (Table 2). Direct effect of hemodialysis on concentration of serum markers Since the data of CA-153, CA125, CEA and GOT fail in normal distribution test, Wilcoson signed rank tested is chosen to compare groups before and after hemodialysis. Groups of CA-153, CA125, CEA, and GOT before hemodialysis are not significantly different to that after hemodialysis (Table 3). Discussion CA-153, CA-125, CEA are commonly used tumor markers. CA-125 is a glycoprotein with high molecular weight (> 200 kDa), and is a cancer antigen for monitor mesothelium especially for ovarian cancer. Recently, CA-125 is used to monitor mesothelial cell viability in PD patients [9,10]. CEA is carcinoembryonic antigen with a molecular weight about 180-200 kDa, commonly used for monitoring gastric cancer [11], weakly correlate with carotid atherosclerosis [12], and with prognostic value of colorectal cancer in PD patients [13]. The mean value of CEA of 28 patients is higher than normal value, which is consistent with previous reports that patients with ESRD are usually with higher risk of cancer, and with higher levels of tumor markers [14]. In our cases, patient no.2, 5, 9, 13 and 27 were expired within 1 year after diagnosis. Patient no. 2 is finally diagnosed as hepatoma, patient no. 5 is cirrhosis of liver and died in septicemia, patient no. 9 is died in leukemia, and patient no 13 is died in lung cancer. It shows that high levels of CEA correlated with Charlson’s score which implies poor outcome, however it remain further confirmation. CA-153 is correlated to risk of liver disease. Though 8% patients were diagnosed liver diseases, but their GOT value fall in normal range, and CA-153 values of them were also normal. There are many reports indicated that long term hemodialysis may affect levels of biomarkers. We showed that biomarkers alter non-significantly after one HD procedure. It is interesting that recent report indicated acute effects of HD treatment on up- or down regulation of apoptotic genes in blood leucocytes [15] Tumor markers were produced by neoplastic cells, and can also be secreted by normal tissue. Many chronic diseases, e.g., inflammation, chronic bronchitis, cirrhosis of liver and renal diseases, affect the metabolism and elimination of tumor markers, may contribute the long term elevation of tumor markers. Our data show that short term effect of HD on patients is not significant. And all 4 serum markers are not correlated with duration of HD. It seems that the response of patients to HD doesn’t directly affect levels of these serum markers. However, CEA and GOT are shown to be candidates markers for monitoring HD outcome as they are positively correlated with Charlsonà ¢â‚¬â„¢s score. Table I Baseline demographic and clinical data GFR, glomerular filtration rate; NPCR, normalized protein catabolic rate, *Modified Charlson’s comorbidity score is calculated according to Beddhu S, 2000. Table II. Correlation of serum markers and age, duration of HD, and Charlson’s score. Table III. Comparison of serum tumor markers before and after hemodialysis Legends to Figures Figure 1.Scatter plots, regression line, and 95% confidence intervals reflecting correlations between serum levels of CEA and Charlson’s score of 28 HD patients. Figure 2.Scatter plots, regression line, and 95% confidence intervals reflecting correlations between serum levels of GOT and Charlson’s score of 28 HD patients. Figure 3.Scatter plots, regression line, and 95% confidence intervals reflecting correlations between serum levels of GOT and age of 28 HD patients.

Theories for Determinants of Emotional States

Theories for Determinants of Emotional States INTRODUCTION An individual fast asleep at night is suddenly awakened by a loud noise coming from somewhere within the house. He immediately becomes physiological agitated: the body begins to sweat, the heart beats faster, and hands begin to tremble. Does he experience fear, or perhaps another emotion such as anger, or even happiness? Schachter and Singer (1962) proposed a two-factor model that specifies the conditions under which people will experience one particular emotion or another when faced with an emotionally exciting event, such as impending danger. This model states that a person’s emotional response to danger is dependent on the interaction between their physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal of the situation (e.g. whether it is dangerous or not). Ordinarily, danger would trigger biological changes, such as increased heart rate, trembling, crying, and perspiration. These physiological changes in turn determine both the intensity (i.e. level) and quality (i.e. type) of our emotional response. However, the particular type of emotion experienced depends on how we cognitively perceive or ‘read’ the situation. For example, we experience fear if the situation is appraised as dangerous or life threatening, such as an approaching lion, or an imminent category 4 tornado. SUPPORTING ARGUMENTS In the scenario described at the beginning of this essay, the individual woken suddenly by a noise, and physiologically aroused will experience emotional arousal. The intensity of his emotions will be a direct function of his level of physiological arousal. So, for example, we will experience very strong emotions if his heart is beating extremely fast and he is sweating profusely. However, the type of emotion experienced will depend on how is appraises the situation. He will experience fear if for example he believes a burglar has broken into the house and is armed and dangerous. By contrast he may experience anger if he knows that his excitable pet dog probably knocked something down while chasing his cat around the house. Or he may experience happiness if he knows the noise was caused by his loving fiancà ©e who has just returned from the airport after long holiday her parents, and perhaps tripped over something when entering the darkened house. Schachter and Singers (1962) two- f actor model is actually a redevelopment of the James-Lange theory. James Lange originally proposed that emotional experience is contingent on the physiological changes induced by an event. Thus, for example, imminent natural disaster for example will first trigger an emotional response in an individual, for example anxiety. Because they feel anxious, the person will experience physiological changes consistent with this emotion, for example increased heart rate, and perspiration. ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS Whether physiological changes precede emotional arousal, or vice versa, is a controversial subject. Psychologist Walter Cannon (1927/1987) proposed an model, known as the Cannon-Bard theory, which contends that physiological arousal is in fact contingent on emotional experience. It can be argued that human beings are not very good at monitoring physiological changes in their body. For example, subtle changes in heart rate, or mild increases in perspiration may go undetected (Chwalisz et al, 1988). If so, then people may simply fail to experience any emotion, regardless of their appraisals of the situation. Yet, people generally react instantaneously to danger, exhibiting signs of emotional disturbance, without necessarily being aware of an increase in heart rate or other physiological changes (Zillman, 1978, 1988). The emotional experience isn’t determined by our detection of biological changes, but rather may be contingent on how we appraisal of the stimulus, and our memory ( i.e. prior experience) and general knowledge about the stimulus. For example, an individual who suddenly comes face to face with a lion will correctly judge that this animal can kill and therefore his life is under threat. This appraisal in turn will produce fear. Similarly, the person may remember that he was viscously attacked the last time he met a lion, and/or more probably be aware of the fact that big carnivorous cats kill people. Another problem with the Schachter and Singer model is their failure to account for how people cope with threat or danger. They assume that physiological arousal elicits emotional arousal, so that they relationship between the two variables is always positive. However, theories on coping propose that two people confronted with the same stressful event may experience marked different intensities of anxiety. More specifically Janis and Mann’s (1977) conflict-theory argued that the level of intensity experienced varies depending on how people deal with stress generated by uncertainty what to do. Complacency results in little or no emotional arousal. Defensive avoidance refers to evasive strategies, such as denial, wishful thinking, and shifting responsibility -emotional arousal is generally low, but easily becomes intense when signs of the danger become salient. Hypervigilance denotes panic, and occurs when the danger seems highly imminent (e.g. an approaching tornado, or impendi ng illness). It is characterised by extremely high levels of emotional arousal. Finally, vigilance refers to a rational, and logical problem solving approach, and emotional arousal is considered to be ‘moderate’, rather than extremely high or low. The problem with Janis and Mann’s (1977) model is that to date there has been a paucity of experimental research testing the association between coping strategies and stress levels (but see Mann Tan, 1993). However, studies have demonstrated correlational relationships between coping styles and emotional arousal (Witte Allen, 2000), suggesting that the former should form an important element of Schachter and Singers (1962) model. More specifically, it is possible that physiological changes generate strong emotions when people cope in one particular way, and little or no emotion arousal when people cope another way. Stimulus Characteristics Schachter and Singers (1962) model makes no reference to features of the stimulus itself. Rogers (1983) argued that the way we respond emotionally to a stimulus, specifically a threatening communication such as a health warning, depends on how we perceive aspects of the stimulus. He argued that dangerous events, such as a probable illness or impending natural disaster contain cues as to the probability of the event, and its seriousness or magnitude. The greater our estimates of the seriousness of a threat, and its probability of occurrence, the greater the level of anxiety experienced. In other words, stimulus characteristics determine the intensity of our emotional experience. A large volume of research published since the mid 1970s has found ample evidence in support of Rogers (1983) ideas (see reviews by Eagly Chaiken, 1993; Milne et al, 2000). In fact Rogers formulations continue to influence professional thinking especially in trying to understand people’s emotional reac tions to threatening health communications. It can be argued that Rogers’s ideas do not invalidate Schachter and Singers (1962) model. Stimulus characteristics may simply be something else people consider, in addition to monitoring their physiological parameters, and trying to work out the situation. Or perhaps Rogers’s appraisals fit in with Schachter and Singers emphasis on appraisals of the situation. Thus, if people perceived the situation as highly dangerous, because of the high severity and probability of the danger, then they would interpret their physiological arousal as fear. METHODOLOGICAL AND ANALYTICAL ISSUES Critique of Schachter and Singers two-factor model requires closer scrutiny of the evidence they present in support of their model. Various methodological and analytic constraints limit the conclusions that may be drawn (Coolican, 1994). Firstly, the study design is questionable. This study was set up as a between-groups design with subjects assigned to either one of two physiological arousal conditions – a treatment group (injected with adrenaline), or placebo group (given a saline condition). There was no control group. The presence of a control group is significant because it allows the researcher to demonstrate that observed effects were not simply a result of the ‘anticipatory’ effects of interventions (treatment or placebo) given to subjects. Another problem with the design was the failure to control for background variables that may confound treatment effects. In particular, subjects baseline emotions prior to the study should have been accounted for in the analysis, in order to partial out any pre-intervention differences between groups. The population was a sample of introductory psychology students. This kind of sample is generally better informed that the average man on the street, and have been able to decipher the researchers’ hypotheses, and hence provide responses intended to confirm or refute the predictions. The sample size was also rather limited (just over a 100), making it more difficult to detect statistically significant differences between the groups. This may partly explain the absence of group differences in self-reports of anger between the adrenaline-ignorant and adrenaline-informed groups. The anger condition was problematic because it was felt that subjects didn’t want to display anger towards the experimenter regarding their participation in the experiment. The sample was not randomly recruited meaning that the findings may in fact be specific to the particular subjects used, and may not generalise accurate to the wider population. CONCLUSIONS Perhaps the best evidence in support of the two-factor model lies in the difference observed between the three ‘information’ conditions amongst subjects injected with adrenaline. Those in the adrenaline-ignorant and adrenaline-misinformed group reported the highest ‘happiness’ levels, presumably because, lacking information about why they were experiencing physiological arousal, there automatically assumed that they felt that way because they were happy. This demonstrates two things. Firstly, it shows that physiological arousal may elicit an emotional experience (intensity), and secondly that an understanding of the situation led to a particular type of emotional experience – happiness. This confirms supports the two-factor proposition that emotional experience is a function of the interaction between physiological and situational (i.e. cognitive) factors. Nevertheless, the evidence is questionable, largely due to the absence of a control group, and a lso the small sample size. Schachter and Singers analysis also fails to account for other factors that may moderate that may have an independent effect on emotional experience, regardless of physiological arousal, such coping strategy, memory, prior experience, and general knowledge. There is a strong possibility that the impact of physiological arousal may be significantly attenuated after accounting for additional factors. In essence, emotional experience in certain circumstances may be driven solely by cognitive factors (i.e. thoughts, perceptions, memory), with biological changes have little or no effect peoples emotional response. REFERENCES Cannon, W. (1927/1987) The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination  and an alternative theory. Special issue: 100 years of the American Journal of  Psychology. American Journal of Psychology. 100, pp.567-586. Chwalisz, K., Diener, E. Gallagher, D. (1988) Autonomic arousal feedback and  emotional experience. Evidence from the spinal cord injured. Journal of  Personality Social Psychology. 54, pp.820-828. Coolican, H. (1994) Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. London: Hodder   Stoughton. Eagly, A.H. Chaiken, S. (1993) The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth, TX:  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Janis, I. Mann, L. (1977) Decision Making: A Psychological Analysis of Conflict,  Choice, and Commitment. New York: The Free Press   Mann, L Tan, C. (1993) The hassled decision maker: the effects of perceived time  pressure on information processing in decision making. Australian Journal of  Management. 18, pp.197-209. Milne, S., Sheeran, P. Orbell, S. (2000) Prediction and intervention in health related  behaviour: a meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory. Journal of  Applied Social Psychology. 4, 149-163. Rogers, R.W. (1983) Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and  attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In B.L. Cacioppo,   L.L. Petty, D. Shapiro (Eds), Social Psychophysiology: A Source Book  (pp.153-176). London, UK: Guilford. Schachter, S. Singer, J. (1962) Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of  emotional state. Psychological Review. 69, pp.379-399. Witte, K. Allen, M. (2000) A meta-analysis of fear appeals: implications for  effective public health campaigns. Health Education Behaviour. 27, pp.591-  615. Zilman, D. (1978) Attribution and mis-attribution of excitatory reactions. In J.H.  Harvey, WE.J.Ickes R.F. Kidd (eds) New Directions in Attribution  Research Vol 2. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum. Zilman, D. (1988) Cognition-excitation interdependence in aggressive behaviour.  Aggressive Behaviour. 14, pp.51-64.

Revenge In Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hamlet is a classic example of a tragedy as Hamlet suffers while trying to avenge his fathers death and eventually dies at the end while attempting to do so. Hamlet feels empty without resolution to his father’s death and since there is no justice system that is going to reveal the truth about his father’s death, he must take it into his own hands. Hamlet delays killing Claudius for a long time after the ghost appears. Hamlet delays his revenge of his fathers death not because he is a coward but because his psychological feelings and need for a perfect revenge cause him to delay in order to wait for the perfect moment to kill Claudius.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the ghost first appears to Hamlet he tells him that it was his brother who slipped poison in his ear while he was sleeping in the orchard and clearly asks him to get revenge for his untimely murder. The ghost speaks to Hamlet about his father and says, “Revenge his foul and most unnatural murderer';(1.5. 31). Although Hamlet has little doubt that the ghost is not his father’s, he must still prove to himself that Claudius is in fact the murderer before he attempts to kill him. Hamlet decides to have the players act out what the ghost has told him and see Claudius’ reaction. When the play “The Mouse Trap'; is performed, Claudius is shocked by the play and storms out, which is the reaction of guilt that Hamlet had hoped for. The play is named “The Mouse Trap'; because it is designed to catch Claudius so that he reveals his distress of the play and shows that he was the murderer. Hamlet is now certain that Claudius is the murderer of his father and he can now carry out his revenge by murdering him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hamlets first opportunity to kill Claudius that he actually considers is when Claudius is confessing to god. Hamlet decides not to kill him at this point because he does not want to kill him while he is praying because he will go to heaven. This is the farthest that Hamlet has come to killing Claudius so far as his sword was drawn and ready to be used until he thinks logically and realizes that Claudius will be free from sin at the time of his death. This was a luxury that his father did not even have so why should he allow Claudius to have it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &... ...es a plan to poison Hamlet but it backfires as Gertrude drinks the cup and both Hamlet and Laertes are cut with the poisoned rapier. When Hamlet learns from Laertes that they are both near death he is put in a must do situation and he reacts without hesitation. He orders the doors locked and for the first time he puts Claudius in a defenseless position and he attacks him with the poison. Claudius dies shortly after and Hamlet has completed his mission to seek revenge for his father’s soul. Hamlet could have easily killed Claudius at any moment if he did not care how it was done. However, Hamlet was looking for the perfect revenge and therefore he passed up many opportunities to kill Claudius. He could have easily followed Claudius out after the play and killed him, he could have easily attacked him while he was praying, or even at any point when he could get Claudius alone, but this would not have been the dramatic revenge that Hamlet was looking for. Hamlet delays his revenge of his fathers death not because he is a coward but because his psychological feelings and need for a perfect revenge cause him to delay in order to wait for the perfect moment to murder Claudius.

Rhyme, Scheme and Meaning in A Poison Tree :: Poison Tree Essays

Rhyme, Scheme and Meaning in A Poison Tree In many cases, poems are very abrupt and awkward sounding when read or spoken aloud.   A simple solution to end a poem’s awkwardness is a rhyme scheme.   Many poems don’t rhyme for reasons of subject matter but to make the poem more interesting and easier to read the poet uses rhyming words.   In many cases, poets use end rhyme, which is using words that rhyme in the end of the phrase or sentence of each sentence.   â€Å"A Poison Tree† by William Blake is a great example of end rhyme used in poetry.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When one looks at the title, â€Å" A Poison Tree† one can assume the poem is going to be about some sort of fauna.   When the reader goes on to read the poem in its entirety, one sees â€Å" A Poison Tree† is simply a symbolic title.   The poem begins with someone telling of his wrath for a friend.   He had once told a friend why he was mad at or angry with him. When he spoke to the friend, the irritation went away.   In another instance, he was also angry with his enemy.   He had never told his enemy basically that he held him with the title of â€Å"enemy† and his angst or hate for him grew.   The poem takes on an â€Å"AA, BB† end rhyme scheme in that a sentence (in a group of two) will rhyme with the next.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poet continues the poem exclaiming what he had to deal with while trying to hide his hate for his enemy.   He had basically tried to hide his hate or anger for his enemy out of fear. â€Å"And I sunned it with smiles, and with soft deceitful wiles† is a phrase in the poem that shows that the person speaking in the poem also tried to hide his hate for his foe.   The sentences in the poem continue to rhyme one after another in groups of two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third part in the poem exclaims what happened to the hate and anger he tried to hide while hiding it from his foe.   His hate â€Å"grew both day and night† which can basically sum up that what the speaker really has is angst towards his enemy.   Finally his angst grew so much that it could not be hidden anymore and his enemy found out about his â€Å"secret†.

The Frankenstein Phenomena in Life and Education :: Mary Shelley Frankenstein Essays

The Frankenstein Phenomena in Life and Education When we consider most traditional Hollywood Frankenstein films, the 'monster' is depicted as evil because he is 'malformed' but this is not always the case. The simple one-to-one relationship of ugly equals evil was not prominent in the Mary Shelley's original book or in more true-to-text films such as The Bride or more recently Kenneth Brannagh's attempt to make the authoritative film interpretation, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. In these versions, the monster was portrayed as more human in his endeavors to question his origins, find a father and be happy. However, his physical characteristics have become the most salient feature in popular culture, so much so, that he is generally viewed as unquestionably evil bec ause his appearance offends the eye. The signs in this case are the monster's scars, his stitches, the bolts that hold his head on, the hands of a murderer sewn on, his club feet, his staggering jerky walk, his strange and retarded speech. We often take t hese signs as bei ng indexes and symbols of evil and malevolence that signify insidiousness and threat, even though these are characteristics of so many real conditions in our fellow humans. When we consider such people, we call these signs symptoms, infir mities, disabilities and medical problems. Are we so sure that we can separate how we view these signs depending on whether we are watching movies, such potent sources of how we regard our world, or when we deal with patients or students in the 'real' wor ld? Looking at how people that are considered aberrant either physically or mentally are portrayed in movies gives a good view on how society as a whole may see them, in my opinion. In the film The Bride, the monster's only companion after his escap e is a dwarf who was a circus performer. Although, this movie is definitely a more positive and sympathetic portrayal of the monster's condition, it also highlights the assumption that anybody with a physical makeup that is unusual, is considered just as much a 'monster' by society. In this discussion, I will initially take the representation of dwarves in movies and myth, and how they are perceived by society as being prototypical for a range of other physical differences that are considered negatively i n this culture. I choose dwarves because I believe they have been one of the most pervasively stereotyped groups in movies and myth and whose negative depiction continues to persist even in the politically correct era because now they can be labeled as "w eird but cool.

Unfortunate effects on rural public education in Ecuador

Educator George Washington Carver one time stated, â€Å" Education is the key to unlock the aureate door of freedom † ( State University 2002 ) . Such key will ne'er be held by the manus of Ecuadorians as the state of Ecuador battles to supply a satisfactory instruction system to kids in rural countries. The hapless instruction system is a cardinal subscriber to Ecuador ‘s province as a underdeveloped state. This restricting factor has created a barbarous rhythm of kid labourers and inequality among kids in rural and urban communities ( Salazar and Glashinovich 1996 ) . This paper will supply an in depth analysis of the instruction systems in Ecuador and the reform required to supply kids with a better hereafter. Ecuador ‘s substandard instruction system is a effect of the deficiency of authorities support towards substructure and handiness. With the deficiency of money towards instruction, jobs such as inconsistent instruction, hapless attending, and inequalities between rural and urban scho 1ols arise. Attempted advancement has been made by reformers such as President Rafael Correa who works with authorities support to better school systems ( Bellettini 2004 ) . It is people like President Rafael Correa who are undoubtably the greatest beginning of hope to the instruction system of Ecuador. Last April, I travelled to Ecuador with Canada World Youth. The intent of the trip was to organize a partnership between the Canadian and Ecuadorian pupils. The trip provided me with a cross-cultural experience as I learnt the necessity of foreign for rural instruction. Our group of 14 pupils raised $ 10,000 which was used to patronize the instruction of 4 pupils in Ecuador including their high school fees. The neglecting instruction system instated in rural Ecuadorian communities is faced with legion issues affecting, inconsistent instruction, and hapless attending. These issues are presented due to the deficiency of authorities support and support for instruction. The jobs presently present in Ecuador make it hard for Ecuadorians to go comfortable and contribute to society. Political instability within the state ‘s ain boundary lines have invited violent protests refering the old three democratically elected presidents ( Lopez and Valdes 2000 ) . Political issues every bit good as the economic crisis have proved to foster the potency of reconstructing proper and effectual instruction patterns in rural Ecuador. Many societal establishments demand governmental support, but it is the instruction system in Ecuador that is the most despairing. Research workers have highlighted that the instruction system has easy been bettering since the 1990 ‘s ( Vos and Ponce 2004 ) . Although, in comparing to old decennaries, the educational development has decreased in effectivity while educational inequalities has drastically grown between the urban and rural communities. The Ecuadorian authorities has set aside deficient financess for their societal plans as they entirely contribute four per centum of the states Gross Domestic Product, compared to the mean 12 per centum that the general Latin American state invested ( Ibid 2004 ) . Not merely has the Ecuadorian authorities neglected financess for the necessary societal plans but they have besides transferred their focal point to societal protection plans. This transportation of precedences has cut the support for instruction plans by 50 per centum ( Cibilis, Giugale and Lopez-Calix 2003 ) . The budget cut has affected all school systems across Ecuador, particularly the Ru 2ral communities. The limited support has caused a lessening in school substructure, teacher salary, and teacher preparation plans. The school systems are enduring and necessitate more investing and greater reform schemes. The authorities must increase their investing to at least five per centum of the state ‘s Gross Domestic Product in Oder to be successful ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . In 2007, President Correa was elected to office in Ecuador. He created a platform that believed in instruction excellence and instruction reform ( Economist 2009 ) . Since 2007, Correa has spent about $ 280 million on school substructure and care ( Ibid 2009 ) . In add-on the President has introduced logic trials which instructors must go through in order to educate the young person. These logic trials are designed to increase a instructor ‘s credibleness and ability to teach immature pupils ( Ibid 2009 ) . Those who do non go through the logic trials are required to take a twelvemonth long preparation class which will assist to develop their instruction schemes and cognition. The logic trials benefit the school systems as instructors become more prepared and have more effectual instruction methods. These trials will be a compulsory step for all instructors, and will shortly increase the quality of Ecuador ‘s public instruction system. The deficiency of authorities investing towards societal plans, specifically instruction systems has greatly inf 3luenced handiness, learning methods, and school substructure. The rural communities are far more underprivileged so the urban public schools in Ecuador. In rural parts and in most parts of Latin America, instructors are likely to be under qualified and uneffective at teaching. Similarly to Ecuador, 40 to fifty of Latin American instructors have no professional preparation or makings ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . The deficiency of preparation and makings is a consequence of hapless support and investing by the authorities. Training plans and workshops are non available to all instructors particularly those in the rural communities. In Latin America, people who graduate with higher degrees of instructions tend to travel to the urbanised metropoliss and obtain comfortable occupations ( Schiefelbein 1995 ) . Sadly, those who have hapless degrees of instruction, become instructors. Teacher ‘s with no preparation and limited cognition dictate the quality of a school. Furthermore, the lear ning population in Ecuador earn low wages as the authorities does non believe that instructors merit higher wages ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . A typical public school teacher in rural Ecuador by and large earns $ 350 per month ( Torres 2005 ) . Teachers make an insufficient wage because there is limited support. Without support and low wages, most teachers at the public school degree have two or more occupations to pay for their fundss. Multiple occupations on the spell, means that instructors sometimes neglect to demo up to teach. The Foundation for Sustainable Development claims that there is a high rate of absenteeism among instructors ( 16 per centum ) † ( FSD 2003 ) . With instructors absent from categories 16 per centum of the clip during the scholastic twelvemonth, pupils are losing important acquisition chances. Most of the instructors absent for that clip would be working at other occupations seeking to derive a greater income. The quality of learning in rural Ecuador and in the public system is really low as the instructors are under qualified and largely disinterested in instruction. Although some instructors are effectual, the huge bulk of those effectual instructors are accepted to learn at private schools. Private schools in Ecuador have the money unlike public schools to afford exemplarily instructors. Unfortunately for the public system, qualified instructors escape to the private schools wh 4ere their wages are frequently five to ten times higher so the populace system ( Schiefelbein 1995 ) † The typical school is unable to engage extremely skilled instructors and will happen it hard to implement inventions to better its educational quality † ( Schiefelbein 1992: 36 ) . The methods of direction are unequal in states like Ecuador. Unfortunately due to budget restraints, instructors do non hold entree to a course of study to assist better their lesson programs. Without a common course of study to be followed by all public schools, the acquisition becomes inconsistent and unequal between different schools and parts ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . Simple accomplishments that involve reading, composing, comprehension are hard to accomplish in rural Ecuador ( Ibid 1992 ) . Teacher ‘s do non posses the necessary certificates and stuffs to learn these kids, as the authorities neglects them of the necessary resources. With limited support invested in instruction, many effects arise with improper learning methods between schools in rural Ecuador. The greatest effect of hapless instruction is the rate of pupil repeat. In Latin America, merely 19 per centum of nine twelvemonth olds attend schools, but about 50 per centum of the first class pupils repeat as they are unable to carry through the instructor ‘s demands ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . The state of Ecuador would drastically profit if more money was invested into increasing the quality of learning as it would diminish the rate of pupil repeat. Repeating a class is non merely reeling the pupil ‘s ability to larn and affect themselves in the work force but it besides posses monolithic affects on the educational system financially. In rural Ecuador, repeat is two times higher so the states average ( Ibid 1992 ) . If the Ecuadorian g 5overnment were to put more money in to developing an accessible course of study for all instructors, repeat rates would diminish. The Ecuadorian public school system posses many jobs for people in rural communities. The incompatibility in learning methods are followed by widespread hooky as parents would instead direct their kid to work every bit opposed to inscribing them in a rural school. Limited entree to schools and excess pupil costs for those in rural Ecuador are some of the major factors that affect registration rates and attending. There are huge differences and unfairnesss that are noticeable when comparing urban and rural instruction systems. Although public instruction is free for kids ages five to fifteen old ages old, enrollment rates suffer drastically in rural communities. In urban developed countries, kids have an norm of 12 old ages of schooling while kids from rural Ecuador merely have an norm of four old ages ( Cibilis et al. 2003 ) . Of those kids who had four old ages of schooling, merely 19 per centum of the entire rural population is enrolled in school compared to eighty per centum of th e entire urban population ( Ibid 2003 ) . Education unfairnesss are besides impacting those kids who wish to go to higher instruction degrees as merely two per centum of the poorest quantile attend higher instruction ( Ibid 2003 ) . The Ecuadorian authorities must larn how to scatter their support every bit among communities so that instruction patterns and handiness is the same for every kid. One of the most common grounds for the deficiency of registration, is due to school handiness. Although the Correo authorities is get downing to put more in school substructure and care there are still minimum public schools available for kids in rural countries ( Economist 2009 ) . â€Å" Merely 42 % of kids among those in the poorest quantile have entree to preschool instruction † ( Cibilis et al. 2003: 271 ) . There is perceptibly more chance for preschool instruction in urban communities as they are given a higher precedence over rural public instruction. Coincidentally there are more kids in rural Ecuador who need public instruction than urban countries. The unequal funding and hapless handiness to public schools for those populating in rural Ecuador posse major determinations on parents. They frequently have to make up one's mind whether or non to inscribe their kids due to fiscal restrictions. Although Ecuador promises to function the populace with free instruction there are still excess costs that are non covered by the authorities. With restricted financess, households have trouble paying for uniforms, school supplies, and transit ( Vos and Ponce 2004 ) . The indirect costs linked to the deficiency of authorities investing are a considerable decrease in household income because the kid is no longer working ( Ibid 2004 ) . Many households in rural Ecuador are faced with the hard determination on whether to direct their 6 kid to school or hold them work. With more authorities support towards public instruction, parents would non hold to pay excess costs for school. Therefore, parents would be more inclined to inscribe their kids to go educated. Although it is apparent that the rural instruction system in Ecuador is despairing for money and seems slightly incapacitated, there are reform patterns taking topographic point that are proven to be effectual. Presently in Mexico, instruction reform is taking topographic point that could be implemented in to Ecuador ‘s instruction system. Education reform known as â€Å" Telesecondary † would be movable and an effectual agencies of reform in rural Ecuador. Telesecondary is a learning scheme that delivers greater instruction through new engineerings. It consists of utilizing computing machines, cyberspace and mass media ( Cibilis et al. 2003 ) . The pupils larning from this advanced instruction method distance themselves from the teacher. The chief intent of Thursday 6 7is reform is to give all kids the ability to larn at their ain gait with a structured and dependable beginning of information ( Cibilis et al. 2003 ) . Another recommendation and applicable instruction reform scheme would be following the theoretical account of the â€Å" Escuela Nueva † . The Escuela Nueva undertaking is presently being practiced in Mexico. Escuela Nueva is community based which focuses chiefly on active engagement, and concerted acquisition ( Schiefelbein 1992 ) . The undertaking helps kids larn critical life accomplishments by using their cognition learnt in category to the outside community. This theoretical account of instruction responds straight to the instruction challenges that are presently present in Ecuador. It helps to extinguish hapless educational substructure, repeat rates, and under qualified instructors. The Escuela Nueva plans help schools to accomplish a standardised course of study, better instructor preparation and greater community enga gement. Once portion of the Northern Inca Empire, Ecuador has suffered a riotous yesteryear. Such is exemplified as the state has faced hapless administration and instability of fundamental laws as they have merely late imposed their twentieth fundamental law since 1830 ( State University 2002 ) . However, the greatest job to confront the state is that of instruction. The hapless instruction system is a cardinal subscriber to Ecuador ‘s province as a underdeveloped state. Ecuador ‘s substandard instruction system is a effect of inconsistent instruction, hapless attending, and the nonobservance of minority groups. Progress has been attempted by reformer President Correa who has concentrated 1000000s of dollars on breaking instruction in Ecuador. Undeniably, it is he w 8ho serves as the greatest beginning of hope to the instruction system of Ecuador. Although the President and his authorities have made much advancement during his two-term reign, there are many stairss to be taken to make declaration, including the riddance of child labour. Subsequently such extended instruction jobs are followed by the changeless conflict with child labour in add-on to hapless economic patterns. It is educational reform which will take to the development of Ecuador as its citizens become literate and receive extra chances, such as occupations, thereby decreasing poorness ( Bellettini 2004 ) . Education may be the job, but it is besides the solution to increase Ecuador ‘s patterned advance to go a developed state.

To The Hills of Kodaikanal

By Pranav R Kalathungal Last March, I, along with my whole family went for a trip to Kodaikanal. Though we travelled in a comfortable airbus, the journey felt very boring. After two hours, we started playing some games and suddenly things started to get interesting. The games and jokes along with some snacks elevated all our travel sick spirits. We had stared our journey the previous night at nine. After some hours of playful pranks and laughter, slowly everyone started getting drowsy and one by one people started nodding off to sleep. As the noise quietened down and the lights dimmed on the request of elderly people, and I too gradually settled down to sleep. What I saw the next morning when I opened my eyes, took my breath away. We were travelling on a road built into the side of a hill and were flanked by scenic mountains overflowing with luscious beauty on the other side. The scene was heavenly. I can still see the scene in my mind when I close my eyes. Through this heavenly path we reached a homely, beautiful, comfy cottage from where we had our breakfast. After a lovely and stomach filling breakfast, we started a tour of the place. We visited a garden so enriched with natural beauty, that it was paradise itself. The notoriously famous suicide point seemed to me, as if it was inviting people with its deadly beauty, into its treacherous depths. Hours seemed to pass away in minutes in this glorious land and suddenly it was time to go back. And so, thus ended a wonderful journey which will forever remain engraved in the canvass of my mind. I urge you, each and every one of my friends, to undertake a similar journey if you get a chance.