Masters Of The Vineese School :: essays research papers fc

The three prominent composers of the classical period were Franz Haydn, Wolfgang Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven. These three composers together are known as the masters of the Viennese School. All three of them studied and composed their music in a time of experimentation. They examined the different uses of the major-minor system and then capitalized on the possibilities. From this came the ideal form, the sonata.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franz Joseph Haydn was born in Austria in 1732. At the age of eight he became a choirboy at St. Steven’s Cathedral in Vienna, he stayed there for eight years. At the age of sixteen Haydn got out on his own and made a living teaching and playing with bands in the streets. In 1961 Haydn began to serve the Esterhazys, a wealthy Hungarian family. Haydn’s service to the Hungarian family is a perfect example of the patronage system. He stayed with the family for almost thirty years. After leaving the Esterhazy family in1791 he visited England twice with great success. Franz Joseph Haydn died in Vienna in 1809.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in 1756 in Austria. Mozart was a child prodigy. At the age of 5 he composed his first minuets and at age six he performed before the Empress Maria Therese. In 1763, led by his father Leopold, Mozart went on tour to Paris and London, visiting many courts and also played for the French and English royal families. He composed his first symphony in 1765 and three years later his first opera. Although his career had much promise many became disappointed with his work. Unlike Haydn, Mozart did not agree with the patronage system. After his patron, the Archbishop of Salzburg, dismissed him he became a musical freelancer. Mozart found it hard to find suitable work for a composer with the skills he had, because of his rebellious attitude. He made his living by teaching, publishing music, and playing at patrons houses. In 1781, Mozart met Haydn and they soon became good friends. Haydn was one of the most influential composers of his time and Mozart admired him and was influenced by his music style. Hadyn’t quartets acted as models for Mozart, who also used Haydn’s four-movement plan compared to his earlier quartets, which only contained three movements. In 1784 Mozart and Haydn were joined with two other prominent composers of their time and formed a string quartet.

Language Arts Lesson Plan Essay

Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and SST Wyle are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. Objective (Explicit): Students will demonstrate writing clearly and coherently by developing a friendly or formal letter. Sub-objectives, SWABS (Sequenced from basic to complex): Students will learn parts of a friendly/formal letter and what the difference Is Students will learn the definitions of parts of a friendly/formal letter. Students will learn how to format a friendly/format letter. Students will be able to establish and maintain a letter style. Students will be expected to write a friendly letter to someone to tell of their explorer experience. Students will be expected to write a formal letter to the monarchs to tell them about their explorer experience. Evidence of Mastery (Measurable): Assess Students while they are writing their letters. A completed letter writing checklist. A completed friendly letter† or â€Å"formal letter† on a grocery bag. Key vocabulary: Explorer, Christopher Columbus, expedition, heading (if required, date, salutation or retreating, body of letter, closing, postscript (P. S. ), signature Materials: Sample friendly letter, sample formal letter, letter template, pencils, paper bags, Christopher Columbus Brainpower, Dear Teen Me book By E. Kristin Anderson. Opening (state objectives, connect to previous learning, and make relevant to real life) Ask Students if they have ever written a letter? Who they wrote to? Did they look different? Explain to Students that letters take many forms and serve a variety of purpose. Do you think a letter to your parent’s would look the same as if you were to write a letter o the President? Explain how letters can tell others about us (how we are doing, what we are doing), request things from others (asking the President to think about passing a bill), and why? Depending on the letters purpose you will decide the format. Today we are going to focus on friendly and formal letters. Instructional Input Teacher Will: Ask Students if they have ever written a letter? If so what kind? Did they look different? Explain to Students that letters take many forms and serve a variety of purpose. Do you think a letter to your parent’s would look the same as If you were to write a letter to the President? Explain how letters can tell others about us (how we are doing, what we are doing), request things from others (asking the President to format. Today we are going Just focus on friendly and formal. Preview and read a letter from â€Å"Dear Teen Me† book. (Friendly letter example), as well as preview and read formal letter examples. Student Will: Engage in introduction and questions. Preview and listen to the letter from â€Å"Dear Teen Me† book as well as preview and read formal letter examples. Co-Teaching Strategy/Differentiation Have sample letter handouts from the book. Guided Practice Show Brainpower video on Christopher Columbus, after video create a T-Chart on one side label it â€Å"To Mom† and on the other side â€Å"To Queen and King†, call on volunteers to create a greeting appropriate for â€Å"mom† and ask for another volunteer to create a greeting appropriate for â€Å"Queen and King†, continue until the signature part of the letter. While completing the T-Chart ask student if they notice the differences? Explain to Students that they are going to write a letter as if they are in Columbus’ time; show Students grocery paper bags (pre-cut to standard letter size). Explain that completed letters will be done on the grocery bags. Student Will: Watch video on Christopher Columbus, take Brainpower Quiz about Columbus, Think- Pair-Share about letter ideas and choice, engage and comment on letter T-Chart. Students have letter templates. Students can have handouts of written sample letters. Give Students letter writing checklist. Parts of a letter definition sheet. Independent Practice Direct Students to the T-Chart labels created prior to the video. Explain that they can either write a letter home â€Å"To mom† about their expedition experience or a letter â€Å"To Queen and King† telling them about their expedition. Assess Students as they are developing their letters. Make any suggestions and answer questions about letters. Student Will: Choose a letter based off of T-Chart, develop a letter that once complete will be put Students use letter templates to form their letters. Give Students letter writing checklist and parts of a letter definition sheet. He date. Greeting/Salutation the word â€Å"Dear† and using the person’s given name or relationship, or it may be informal if appropriate. Body This is the main text, which includes the message written. The tone is friendly and often includes news and invitations. This short expression is always a few words on a single line. It ends in a comma. Signature Line There is a typed or printed name added here. Postscript If your letter contains a postscript, begin it with â€Å"P. S. † and end it with your initials.

The Importance And Advantages Of Oleochemical Industry Environmental Sciences Essay

Oleochemicals which is the chemical merchandise that infusion from works or carnal oil. The formation of oleochemical are from fatty acids, fatty intoxicant, methyl esters and glycerol. In Malaysia, oleochemical started from early 1980 ‘s. The Malayan Oleochemical Manufactures Group ( MOMG ) was established in January 1984 when the industry attracted more manufacturer. MOMG uses the renewable natural natural stuff such as palm oil, coconut oil and thenar meats oil which are environment friendly. Due to the planetary heating and depleting of fossil fuel, biodiesel will be the following great potency as a cost-efficient feedback for fossil fuel. Palm oil or other vegetable oil can be used to make biodiesel for internal burning engines. After assorted with petro Diesel, biodiesel can utilize in any diesel engine. Normally vehicle industry limit their recommendation to 15 % biodiesel blended with petro Diesel. In Europe, biodiesel is most common. R & A ; D have research that biodiesel is more clean energy than fossil fuel, it release less C dioxide, C monoxide and sulfur dioxide after burning. Not merely that, biodiesel is more economical as biodiesel can be use straight without altering or modified the vehicle engine.The importance and advantages of Oleochemical Industry ( Biodiesel ) in our SocietyThe oleochemical industry that bring forthing biodiesel have unpredictable net income potency since the dodo fuel beginnings are consuming over the old ages and this will do the use of biodiesel additions. Biodiesel is mixable with crude oil based Diesel and this provides several advantages. For illustration, biodiesel can be obtained from a renewable and widespread handiness of feedstock. Furthermore, biodiesel has the same energy degree for per gallon like petroleum-based Diesel The biodiesel is produced from workss and other organic natural stuffs and the procedures of bring forthing biodiesel are harmless to the Earth compared to boring for oil which caused immense amendss to the Earth. Since we able to bring forth biodiesel and being used in domestic, there are no international complications will be involved. This will assist beef up our national security. Besides that, it can forestall the planetary state of affairs to impact the monetary value of biodiesel. The chief ground of oleochemical industry can be so successful is because of the alternate biofuel such as biodiesel is a C impersonal one which means it does n't non breathe any C gases in the signifier of C dioxide. As we know C dioxide is the chief part to the nursery gas emanations. Besides that, biodiesel is biodegradable and less toxic than fossil fuel. Due to the lubricating consequence by the biodiesel, the Diesel engine ‘s life-time is last longer and it is more efficiency. Therefore, biodiesel becomes one of the most of import alternate fuel for burning in Diesel engines.The Supply & A ; Demand of BiodieselDue to the worsening of fossil fuels around the universe, assorted authoritiess all over the universe have passed policies to assist in the production and phasing-in of bio-fuels to cut down the ingestion of fossil fuel. For illustration, the United States of America had passed a Renewable Fuel Standard ( RFS ) in 2010 for the production of 650 million gallons of bi odiesel in 2010, while in Brazil, all gasolene requires around 20-25 % of ethyl alcohol blended into them and since Jan. 1 2010, Brazil had begun a B-5 authorization which requires the phasing in of 5 % biodiesel into fossil fuels. In add-on, due to the EU ‘s ( European Union ) determined policies, biofuel ingestion is set to increase aggressively. Previously, the EU had set a end for all their member states to accomplish a minimal mark of 5.75 % biofuel production by the twelvemonth 2010, which was estimated to be around 14 million metric tons, and later increase the sum to 10 % biofuel production by the twelvemonth 2020. South East Asiatic states like Indonesia and the Philippines have besides set a B2.5 authorization which requires the phasing in of 2.5 % biodiesel into fossil fuel Diesels in their internal market. Malaysia has besides implemented a B5 authorization which requires all diesel fuels sold in the state to phase-in 5 % of biodiesel. Therefore, with many states back uping the construct of bring forthing biofuels and the increasing world-wide demand, it shows that puting into the field of the production of biodiesel would be really profitable in the long tally. Costss of bring forthing biodiesel are dependent on the feedstock being used, the biodiesel works design and size, and the manner the works is being operated. Basically, soybean oil and thenar oil are the most normally used feedstock being used in the oleo chemical industry due to their widespread handiness and lowest priced for most of the clip. Although algae are one of the feedstock which can hold a high output of biodiesel, palm oil is still preferred over algae due the high capital of algae. Besides that, states like Indonesia and Malaysia, which in 2012 had recorded approximately 18,500,000 metric dozenss of palm oil produced, will turn out to be worthwhile states to put in for the production of biodiesel due to the fact that there are ample stuffs to bring forth biodiesel. Furthermore, with the deficiency of providers bring forthing biodiesel in the part ( South East Asia ) , to put in this field in the part would turn out to be worth the attempt.Procesess for synthesis of biodiesel from thenarThere are two chief procedure for synthesis of biodiesel from palmi?s Palm Oil Extraction from thenar Mechanical Extraction Solvent Extraction Traditional Method Of Palm Kernel Extraction There are 8 chief procedures for the palm oil extraction, those are bunch response, and weighing, clump quartering, bunch sterilisation, clump threshing/ denudation, oil thenar fruit digestion, palm oil pressure, palm oil elucidation, palm oil drying and palm oil storage ( Figure 6.1 ) . The extraction of palm oil can be done by three methods: a. ) Mechanical Extraction, B. ) Solvent extraction and c. ) Traditional method of palm meats extraction. 2. Trans-esterification Trans-esterification besides known as alcoholysis. It is a chemical procedure that decrease the viscousness of palm oil and bring forth biodiesel by displace intoxicant from an ester utilizing another intoxicant. This chemical procedure contains three subsequent reversible reactions: I. ) Chemical reaction between triglycerides of palm oil and intoxicant to bring forth diglycerides and ester, two. ) Chemical reaction between diglycerides and intoxicant to bring forth monoglycerides and ester, three. ) Chemical reaction between monoglycerides and intoxicant to bring forth glycerin and ester ( general equation in Figure 6.2 ) . Transesterification can either be performed by the nowadays of accelerator ( catalytic procedure ) or without the nowadays of accelerator ( non-catalytic procedure ) ( Figure 6.3 ) . During the synthesis of biodiesel, there are some safeguard stairss need to be taken to guarantee the whole procedure can be done in safe status. One of the safeguard measure is ever do certain that the armored combat vehicles used in treating biodiesel are in good status. Besides that, do certain that all the electrical powered are non over heated, over-pressurized and improperly installed. Use an detonation cogent evidence motor to avoid from go forthing the motor and prosecute the professionals to put in and keep the pump.The Impact on the EnvironmentThe procedure of deducing oleochemical can be divided into Fat Splitting, Distillation, Fractionation by Crystallization, Fractionation by Distillation, Hydrogenation and Ion Exchange. All the stated procedure might hold some impacts on the environment, such as: A power works will be needed to provide a big sum of energy to the oleochemical industry. In order to put in a power works in the mill, infinite and fuel are indispensable. However, fossil fuel is non environment friendly because it will bring forth toxic gases such as CO and SO3, which could do air pollution. Besides, nursery gases such as CO2, O3, H2O bluess, and CH4, released from the power works, farther contribute to greenhouse effects. Natural stuffs are limited. Human may endure from nutrient lack due to inordinate use of animate beings and workss fats as natural stuff for oleochemical industry. ‘Animal fats, being a side watercourse from the meat production, have a limited handiness ‘ , said European Oleochemicals & A ; Allied Products Group. ‘Animal fats cover more than 50 % of the natural stuff demands in the European Oleochemical Industry ‘ . The procedures of deducing oleochemicals such as ( splitting, refinement, neutralisation and distillment ) will bring forth heat energy. Since H2O has a really high particular heat capacity, it will be used in chilling system. In the chilling system, heat energy will be transfer to the H2O, which increases the temperature of H2O. If we discard the hot H2O into river, the temperature will subsequently interrupt the temperature of the river H2O. Even though it could be a really little alteration of temperature, but it may do decease to the aquatic lives due to inadequate temperature which affects the activity of enzymes. There is no cogent evidence that neither natural stuffs nor merchandises are safe to human, animate beings and workss even though it ‘s derived from workss or animate beings beginnings. Therefore, all the natural stuffs and merchandises must be handled with attention by comparative field experts. ‘The handling, storage, and transit of these stuffs should to be managed decently to avoid or minimise the potency for environmental impacts ‘ . Pollutant, toxic and nursery gases will do pollution and nursery consequence if we release it straight into atmosphere. Being of So3 and other toxic gases in ambiance can do respiratory jobs on worlds and animate beings. If the waste merchandises of fat dividing procedure such as lipoids, acids and bases were discarded to land, it will do dirt pollution. Plants will be unable to turn and this farther destroys the home ground of the animate beings. When the mill is runing, machines and runing systems will bring forth noise and disturb nearby abode. A suited and scheme location which located far off from town and abode country can be used to put the mill. A accelerator such as Pt or Ni may be required to rush up the rate of reaction. These accelerators are expensive and need to be recycled so that we can cut down the costs and besides save the environment. The merchandises might dwell of new and unknown chemicals. To uncover the toxicity or other side effects, carnal testing or carnal test can be conducted. This is an inhumane pattern, which may impact the ecosystem if the toxic is spread among the vegetations and zoologies. The worst unmanageable instance is that the chemicals cause malignant neoplastic disease or mutant inside the carnal organic structure and spread among each other. Therefore, the pattern of carnal testing must be carried out in a little graduated table, and the figure of animate being used for proving should be every bit least as possible. Besides, the animate beings must be quarantined and separated from the others, as this could farther minimise biological pollution.Future Potential of the Oleochemical IndustryOleochemical industry is one of the fastest growing industry for biofuels. In the following few old ages, merchandises produced by oleochemical industry are expected to replace those from petrochemicals. Mo st of the oleochemical industry are based on thenar and palm meat oils, so other new natural stuff beginnings are hoped to be found out to replace them, which are cheaper and easy to be obtained. To protect the female parent Earth, costs of production should non be the first consideration while the environmental impact of a chemical to the user and environment is anticipated to be more of import. Environmental issues such as biodegradation, non-toxicity and life rhythm analysis are the chief consideration that will be used in the hereafter to find whether a chemical should be commercially produced or non. Biotechnology aslo every bit known as biotransformation procedure is used to bring forth basic oleochemicals and intermediate merchandises that based on chemical procedures. This will be the future engineering and will be used to bring forth functionality oleochemicals.DecisionThe universe is confronting the depleting of fossil fuels, so the demand of oleochmical merchandises will go on transcend the supply. Oleochemical plays a really of import function in supplying an alternate to replace the dodo fuels because the merchandises of oleochemical are environmental friendly. However, mass feats of this industry will still harm the environment to a certain extent. Hence, safeguard steps must be taken and careful deliberation over the issues that will go on before it creates a job to our society.Mention1 ) Jibrail B Kansedo, University Sains Malaysia, Synthesis Of Biodiesel From Palm Oil And Sea Mango Oil Using Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protoco l: //eprints.usm.my/15765/1/SYNTHESIS_OF_BIODIESEL_FROM_PALM_OIL_AND_SEA_MANGO_OIL_USING_SULFATED_ZIRCONIA_CATALYST.pdf & gt ; [ July 2009 ] 2 ) Siti Fatimah Arifin, University Malaysia Pahang, Faculty Of Chemical And Natural Resources Engineering, Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil And RBD Palm Oil Using Batch Transesterification Process. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //umpir.ump.edu.my/861/1/Siti_Fatimah_Arifin.pdf & gt ; [ May 2009 ] 3 ) Rhonda Day, eHow, Safety and Hazard Precautions In Biodiesel Production. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/list_6793134_safety-hazard-precautions-biodiesel-production.htm & gt ; 4 ) FAO Corporate Document Repository, Palm Oil Processing. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4355E/y4355e04.htm & gt ; 5 ) FAO Corporative Document Repository, Palm Kernel Oil Extraction. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y4355E/y4355e06.htm # TopOfPage & gt ;6 ) Centre for Transportation Analysis, Global Supply and DemandA of Biofuels, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //cta.ornl.gov/TRBenergy/trb_documents/2011 % 20presentations/Duffield % 20Global % 20Supply % 20and % 20Demand % 20- % 20Session % 20319.pdf & gt ; [ January 2011 ]7 ) Future Potential of Oleochemical Industry. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/Vtour/gallery_html/g9_3.htm & gt ;8 ) Malaysia Palm Oil Production by Year, 1964-2012. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/ ? country=my & A ; commodity=palm-oil & A ; graph=production-growth-rate & gt ;9 ) ASEAN Oleochemical Manufacturers Group, Country Section Malaysia. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aomg.org.my/index.php? option=com_content & A ; task=view & A ; id=15 & A ; Itemid=32 & gt ; 10 ) ClimateAvene, the Use of Plam Oil as Biofule and Biodiesel. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.climateavenue.com/en.biodiesel.palm.oil.htm & gt ;11 ) ClimateAvene, Sustainable Palm Oil Cultivation and Climate Change. Available from:& lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.climateavenue.com/en.biod.climate.index.htm & gt ; 12 ) Wolfgang Rupilius and Salmiah Ahmad, The Changing World of Oleochemicals. Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chgs.com.my/chinese/download/Palm % 20Oil % 20Developments/june % 202006/The % 20changing % 20world % 20of % 20Oleochemicals.pdf & gt ; 13 ) International Finance Corporation, IFC, 2007, Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Oleochemicals Manufacturing [ Online ] . Available from: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/f5c493804886588bb656f66a6515bb18/Final % 2B- % 2BOleochemicals % 2BManufacturing.pdf? MOD=AJPERES & A ; id=1323153202672 & gt ; 14 ) Trudy, T. , 2009, Man-made Ingredients: The argument over synthetics [ Online ] Available at & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smallsimplelife.com/resources/petrochemicals-and-oleochemical-synthetics/ & gt ; 15 ) European Oleochemicals & A ; Allied Products Group, APAG 2006, Challenges and potency of biomass & A ; biofuels for the European Oleochemical industry [ Online ] . Available at: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.europarl.europa.eu/hearings/20060601/itre/decooman_en.pdf & gt ;16 ) Ahmad, Mohd Jaaffar, and Tang Thin Su, 2005 â€Å" Supply and demand of biodiesel in the European Union ( EU ) . â€Å" A Palm Oil DevA 42 ( 2005 ) : 8-14.

Hartmann Luggage Case Report Essay

With the analysis we did in class, we made the suggestion of not doing the next promotion. The first thing I did after class was adjusting our model in class from three months moving average to a five months moving average, with data from previous two months, current month, and two months after. With this adjustment, the incremental increased a little, but still, I think it’s not attractive enough when taken other factors, such as cannibalization effects, into consideration. Also, as Katz pointed out, â€Å"the April-May 1978 promotion had been announced on January 1† (page 14), the relative lower January-February 1978 sales level should not be used to forecast March-May 1978 sales without promotions. In fact, I believe it is the announcement of promotion on January 1st that led to the low sales level in January-February 1978. Retailers would order fewer units prior to the promotion but catch up with more units ordered during promotion period. This should also be considered to cut the attractiveness promotion. Other than the data analysis we did in class, there are a few more reasons I don’t recommend Hartmann to have a price promotion in the following year. First, price promotion will damage Hartmann’s brand image. One of Katz’s principles for Hartmann was to â€Å"maintain a prestigious image† (page 2). Since the price promotion itself was not very efficient, why should Hartmann risk its brand image to do it? Second, as Katz said, there are all kinds of different ways to increase total sales, and, based on luggage consumer surveys, price promotion was definitely not the best way for Hartmann to achieve higher sales. From Hartmann’s own survey, durability and style were considered the most important features in selecting luggage (page 5). Although the results itself seems like is a little misleading, since price was not an option on that questionnaire, it actually should be the real case, and this conclusion could be proved from the industry market research in Exhibit 2. In this research result, only â€Å"31% of respondents cited price as the most important criterion in selecting luggage†, while â€Å"21% cited it as the least important criterion†, and only â€Å"26% would ‘wait for sale, then go there to buy’† (page 16). Also, considered the target market for Hartmann, which are â€Å"customers who demanded the highest quality and durability in luggage† (page 1), and its market position as â€Å"most expensive in the industry† (page 1), the demand  of its products was definitely inelastic. With such an inelastic demand, price promotion would never be the best approach to improve sales, especially to improve profit. So what would be a better way for Hartmann to increase sales and profit? The same as the consultants, I would recommend Hartmann to make more advertisements to build wider brand awareness among target consumers (page 14). The reason I makes this recommendation are as follows. Based on the industry research report in Exhibit 2 (page 16), â€Å"48% of respondents believed they would favor a brand of luggage they recognized or had seen advertised†. The percentage for Hartmann’s target consumers might be even higher, because they were pursuing â€Å"the highest quality and durability in luggage† and the probability that they would trust an unknown brand was very low. However, according to Hartmann’s telephone survey (page 5), the overall aided awareness level was pretty low among high income level customers, who were considered as Hartmann’s target customers, and â€Å"only 5% of respondents recalled having seen any Hartmann advertising†. Therefore, building brand awareness among target consumers by increasing advertising should be the best way for Hartmann to increase sales and, more important, not jeopardize either profitability or brand image. Therefore, all reasons listed above, as well as sales data analysis we did in class, point to one identical conclusion that price promotion was not a good choice for Hartmann to achieve sales and earnings objectives. Yet, increasing advertising was a harmless and more effective approach to help Hartmann achieve its objectives.

Bias in Womens Sports Essay

The world of sports is strictly dominated by a male hegemonic structure, which is not exactly welcoming to the thought or idea of sharing this love of sports with the opposite sex. The term hegemony is defined as the dominance of one state or group of individuals over the others. Although women have shown a passionate interest for sports, their ability to join this culturally powerful organization as respected professionals has not been completely accomplished. They have been given opportunities to participate in athletic areas that are not the most culturally popular venues within American culture (i. e. golf, gymnastics, swimming, and tennis), but their inception and respected entrance into the American conglomerates of the sports world (i. e. basketball, baseball, and football) have been favorably denied. Men suffocating treasure their superior domination of this cultural superstructure and fear the idea of allowing the opposite sex entrance into their precious stratum. Men’s ultimate trepidation is sports not being only their secret possession. Women have passionately fought to prove themselves as strong enough, knowledgeable enough, and tough enough to survive in the historically constructed system men have carved out: the association of sports and the manner in which it operates. Although their desperate attempts have allowed them to chip through the first few layers of this concrete barrier in which they are faced with, their attempts to delve deeper to ultimately reach the core of its existence has been a disappointing failure. Despite the increase in female athletes participating in sports at a college and professional level, the use of female athletes as product endorsers has been limited. Some female readers like my wife has suggested that there may be an obvious media bias against female athletes and other problems related to how women’s lack of being feminine is portrayed to the public. I feel that women athletes don’t get enough recognition compared to male athletes in the media, and how they don’t appear as profitable product endorsers in magazines or commercials as men. Only five percent of media coverage is devoted to women’s sports (Adams ;amp; Tuggle, 2004). The time media spends to publish these articles of women athletes are significantly less; compared to their male athlete. Many companies choose not to endorse women athletes (Grau, Roselli, and Taylor, 2007). Men’s sports journalists tend to focus on coverage of team sports for men, while women’s sports coverage usually is focused on individual sports. In several articles, the media defends its biases claiming that it is what the public wants, and not all viewers are interested in women’s sports. I feel the number of women playing professional sports has drastically increased over the past decade, but the media’s news coverage of women’s sports has not increased with this movement of women in sports. On ESPN Live news radio, they have mentioned over the last ten years, there has been almost no change in the percentage of national airtime that was designated for women’s sports. Only about one in ten sports articles and TV sports stories include women while eighty-two percent of television sports stories cover men’s sports. Women make the cover of magazines or sports pages less than fifteen times a year (Huffman, Tuggle, ;amp; Rosengard, 2004). According to Adams and Tuggle (2004), in 1995, the length of men’s television sports stories were a little over a minute, where stories covering women’s sports were only about forty seconds. With two professional sports leagues, it was assumed that the coverage of women’s sports would increase, but this is not reality. The coverage of women’s sports on the television show, ESPN’s Sports Center, has actually decreased. In 1995, Sports Center aired about 730 stories on men and only about 30 on women. The ratio was 25:1. In 2002, 780 stories covered men’s sports. Only 16 stories were about women and the ratio was more than 48:1. ESPN did dedicate a weekend to women in sports. During this time, Sports Center only aired three stories that included a woman; the other 60 were about men. Kian, Vincent, and Mondello (2008), found that about seventy-five percent of the New York Times and USA Today’s articles covered men’s basketball. Less than one percent of the articles included both men and women, and twenty-four percent focused on just women’s basketball. Huffman, Tuggle, and Rosengard (2004) analyzed several universities’ coverage of women’s sports. Though forty-one percent of the college athletes are female, seventy-three percent of the sports newspaper articles focused on male college students. Eighty-two percent of television sports stories were dedicated to male athletes. In both newspaper articles and television stories, baseball was covered the most. Men’s basketball was twice as likely as women’s softball to be covered. Less time has been devoted to women’s sports coverage, and when it is, it is usually an individual sport compared to women’s team sports. This is a great example of The Elaboration Likelihood Model. It states that there are two routes through which persuasive messages are processed. My central route would be to provide and give examples of the statistical analysis increase in audiences viewing women’s sports, and it would be a good investment. In these modern times, women are more successful and looking for role models of strength and beauty, like a successful empowering female athlete. Celebrity women athletes can be positive catalysts in selling apparel and have great news worthiness. In my opinion, the media seems to favor women’s individual sports compared to women’s team sports. Out of 16 Sports Center stories that covered women’s sports, 12 were individual sports. Only two were about women’s basketball, though it was almost the end of the WNBA season (Adams ;amp; Tuggle, 2004). In the 1960’s, there were less articles on women’s Olympic sporting events compared to articles published in the 1990’s of the same genre. In 1996, 36 years later, NBC announced that woman’s team sports would be emerging. Even with this big announcement, NBC only aired a few minutes of a women’s soccer team winning the gold medal over China. They did not even have a reporter available at the women’s gold medal winning softball game. Over half of the women’s Olympics sports covered were individual sports. These sports included swimming, diving, and gymnastics. Serena Williams, a tennis player and Marian Jones, a track athlete, are the only females that have been on the cover of ESPN Magazine in the course of five years. Female athletes in individual sports are twice more likely to be in magazines than as those who play on team sports. In several related magazines like Sports Illustrated for Women, female’s models are dressed as athletes rather than real athletes and being pictured posing with props like soccer balls, to add more sex appeal to the magazine. Some journalists say this is because women’s individual sports are considered more feminine than the team sports like basketball and soccer where women look frazzled and sweaty (Grau, Roselli, and Taylor, 2007). Men’s sports are still the ones that bring in the big bucks for ticket sales and popularity. Seventy percent of the NCAA division athletic budget goes to men’s basketball and football. For every dollar that is spent on women’s sports, three dollars of the same budget is spent on men’s. For example, male coaches in almost every instance are paid more than female coaches (Huffman, Tuggle, and Rosengard, 2004). Women athletes are given much fewer multimillion dollar endorsement contracts than a male athlete. In 1998, 200 female athletes from many sports signed various endorsement contracts. The NFL alone had 250 players that signed deals with Nike. Over 400 male athletes from football, basketball, and soccer had endorsement contracts with Reebok that same year (Grau, Roselli, ;amp; Taylor, 2007). If the viewers wanted to see more of women’s sports, then the network would great fully air what the viewing audience would like to see. During an ESPN television show, Town Meeting, a female viewer in the audience asked the Senior Vice President and Manager of editing, why does ESPN not report more on women athlete’s and women’s sports? I can remember David Shaw turning to look at her directly in the face and saying â€Å"ESPN’s job is to report and cover the news and sports that our viewers are interested in†. He leaned forward and reiterated that their goal as a sports broadcast network was to get the highest rating possible, and they must air the sports news the public wants and will watch. Mr. Shaw also mentioned that the network cannot generate interest in women’s sports without solid data of interest, and if that is what they want to see they need to make this interest known. I feel some diehard male sports fans have a sense of Cognitive Dissonance theory. They think that it’s not cool to cheer for women’s sports, it’s not as exciting or fast paced as men’s sports. The theory of cognitive dissonance in social psychology proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by altering existing cognitions or adding new ones to create a consistent belief system. An example of this would be the conflict between wanting to watch women’s sports and knowing that media doesn’t have interest ; a person may try to change their feelings about the odds that they will actually suffer the consequences, or they might add the constant element that sticking to your guns is worth short term benefits. The network does air WNBA games on ESPN and ESPN2, but they seldom air highlights. Christina Brenamen, a commentator for ESPN, said that she feels the network doesn’t care and not to expect any changes anytime soon (Adams ;amp; Tuggle, 2004). Grau, Roselli, and Taylor (2007) found that many companies do not use female athletes as endorsers of their products, because they think that the average female consumer does not identify with female athlete, like males do with men athletes. Some of the companies assume that the average female consumer do not fallow women’s sports. They also suggest that some female athletes are too masculine and therefore do not have sex appeal. Angelini (2008) surveyed many individuals asking views about watching men’s sports vs. women’s sports. He wanted to uncover the stereotypes that individuals have on sports. Most of the participants believed that women’s sports were not as thrilling or exciting to watch as men’s sports. Those who participated in the study were asked to watch several sports clips while their heart rate was analyzed. After the clips were watched they were asked to answer recognition questions about what they had seen. Both male and females scored higher on the recognition questions after viewing female athletes. If the heart rate increased while the participant was watching the sport, it was determined that their arousal was high. If their heart rate was stable or deceased while watching the clip, it was determined that the participant was not aroused. Though most participants said that they were more aroused when watching the men’s sports, their heart rate actually determined that their arousal rate when watching women’s sports was the same as men’s at the beginning of the clip. Toward the end of the clips of men’s sports the arousal rate actually decreased. Angelini (2008) determined that because of the way the media depicts female athletes, the public thinks that men’s sports are going to be more exciting, through with extensive physiological research determined there are really no major differences. Since Universities viewed basketball as too masculine for women to play, and did not want to represent the women athletes of their school. The NCAA did not hold a women’s Division 1 tournament until 1982. In 2004, a women’s Division 1 championship game received the highest national television rating of any women’s or men’s basketball game that had ever been on a cable channel, up to that point. After analyzing two national newspapers and two sports web sites, during the 2006 NCAA and women’s sports tournaments, five main themes seemed to emerge from all of them. One, women’s basketball players were often compared to men. Two, men were never compared to women. Three, the female athletes were often said to be experienced players because most of them had grown up playing against boys. Four, the fathers of the athletes were interviewed more often than the mothers, because of their athletic ability. Finally, gender was mentioned as a main topic compared to the articles than men’s sports. In every article men’s basketball was reported before women’s. I would assume that there would be fewer gender biased remarks from the writers, but this was not the case. Even though writers have a little more time to evaluate on what is being written, unlike live television commentary, biases often still emerged (Kian, Vincent, ;amp; Mondello, 2008). Though the number of women playing sports has drastically increased, the media coverage has not kept up. The women’s sports covered typically are more feminine and individual like swimming, gymnastics, tennis and golf. Those sports activities are viewed as more masculine, like basketball, soccer, and softball, received significantly less media coverage. The media blames society and society blames the media for the differences in gender bias of sports (Grau, Roselli, ;amp; Taylor, 2007). It is unknown if television networks such as ESPN actually do research on what people would like to watch. They do not know that fifty percent of women say they watch television sports regularly and forty-six percent of men say that watch some women’s sports (Adams, ;amp; Tuggle, 2004). The 2004 NCAA Division 1 women’s basketball championships received the highest rating of all college basketball before then. One would think that after this evidence of interest, women’s basketball would receive greater attention. This is a great example of Evaluation Dimension in which our inner systems (beliefs, attitudes, values, etc. all support one another and when these are also supported by external evidence, and then we have a comfortable state of affairs. We also have a very strong need to believe we are being consistent with social norms. Like in the case of following other sports fans that are interested in women’s sports. When there is conflict between behaviors that are consistent with inner systems and behaviors that are consistent with social norms. A fitting Example would be the potential threat of social exclusion often sways us towards the latter, even though it may cause significant inner dissonance. Take for example, if I would approach my fantasy football team and said; â€Å"can we create a team in women’s sports†, that would really start some conflict within my group dynamic? I feel more research needs to be conducted to determine if it is really the public that is biased, or is the media just fallowing the same trend that they always have, and they just choose to report sports in the same standardized way. If we start to challenge the idea that masculinity defines sports at the cultural level. I believe that we will one day be able to develop an ideology that teaches and defends this innovative idea of gender quality throughout the educational process. The ultimate goal being that the foundation of sports promotes and abides by the system of gender equality at the professional level of women’s sports.

Asian American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Asian American History - Essay Example The immigrants were the typical Korean of who were used to speaking the Korean languages in their country. When they came to the United States, the language obstacle became the main challenge that the first Korean immigrants experienced in their new country . As much as they were being taught English as foreign language in their country, they were only allowed to remember the terminologies and the grammatical rules in the language, this did not give them the opportunity to be able to put into practice, listen in and converse with any of the native English speaker so as to enable them to develop their skills in the English language . With this language hurdle among the immigrants, they could not be able to get the high level opportunities in the job market and thus it left them with the low level positions in the workplaces as the farm workers and even stone diggers. This was because, they could not correspond to the American employers or the service providers effectively to pass their information across to be understood well enough by their employers, and because of this, the employers ended up placing them at the low level where it needs no much communication skills to the managerial section . As much as the Koreans immigrants were not good in the languages in the United States, they could not be able to attend the classes offered to them for the purpose of improving their communication skills. This was because, they were too busy on their daily duties of farming and any other activities.

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Auditing - Essay Example ial statement users perceive the auditors responsibilities to be and what the auditors believe their responsibilities entail is referred to as the expectation gap (McEnroe & Martens, 2001). This paper discusses different issues concerning the expectation gap by describing and analyzing the subject. The methodology, process and final output of the auditing process which auditors report remained relatively the same for the 40 year period starting in 1948 until 1988 (Strawser, 1990). During this period the users of the financial information complained a lot about the independent auditor’s report because they were not consistent in their message and their reports were at time interpreted differently by different users of a same report, a situation which should never occur since the accounting profession is based on reliability, consistency, reassurance and equal standards within the work that is performed. One of the first major breakthroughs regarding the expectation gap occurred in 1978. In that year the Cohen Commission identified several possible deficiencies in the auditor’s report which were hindering communications between the auditors and the users of the financial statements (Strawser, 1990). Some the areas which the Cohen suggested that improvement was need ed were: The auditors’ report has always been important since it provides valuable information regarding the validity of public financial information reported by companies. During the 1980’s and early 1990’s the globalization movement and the birth of the information age created a greater urgency to deal with the auditing expectation from private and public institutions. The globalization movement brought enormous opportunities for greater investments due to the free trade possibilities that came with it (Kasapidis, 1999). During this period a lot more individual and institutional investors needed the information to make reliable decisions on domestic and foreign investments. The auditing